一、试题介绍
大学英语考试中作文只有一题,考试时间为30分钟。要求考生写出一篇不少于150—180词的短文。试卷上可能给出题目,或规定情景,或写出看图表作文,或给出段首句要求续写,或根据所给文章(英语或汉语)写出摘要或大意,或给出关键词写短文等等。写作的内容包括日常生活、科技、社会和文化等方面的一般常识,不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。新近又增加了应用文的写作,如书信、简历、通知、便条、总结报告等。对作文的要求是:切题,文理通顺,表达正确,意思连贯,无重大语言错误。
短文写作部分的目的是测试学生运用英语书面表达思想的初步能力。
二、试题分析与应试技巧
(一)、作文评分原则 1.CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求,对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。(国家教育部1999年修订的《大学英语教学大纲》对达到全国四级考试程度的学生在写作方面的要求是:“能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题,写提纲和摘要,能就一定的话题、提纲、表格或图示在半小时内写出150~180词的短文,能写日常应用文(如信函、简历等),内容完整,条理清楚,文理通顺。”) 2.CET作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 3.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体,作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题,是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想,也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 4.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分,包括满分;该给低分的给低分,包括0分,一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。
(二)、作文评分标准 1、本题满分为15分
2、阅标标准共分五等:14分、11分、8分、5分、2分及0分。各有参考卷一至两份。
3、阅卷人员根据阅卷标准,对照参考卷评分,若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似,即定为该分数(即8分);若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数,则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。
4、各段具体评分
0分——白卷。作文与题目毫不相关,或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。
2分——条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。
5分——基本切题,表达思想不清楚,连贯性差,有较多严重的语言错误。
8分——基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚,文字勉强连贯;语言错误相当多,其中有一些严重错误。
11分——切题。表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误。
14分——切题。表达思想清楚,文字通顺。连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错。
15分——特别优秀者。
5、字数不足应酌情扣分:
注意:(1)如题目给出主题句、起始句、结束句,均不得计入所写字数。
(2)只写一段者:0~4分;只写两段者:0~9分(指规定的三段的作文)。
特别注意的是:
自1997年6月起,全国大学英语考试委员会正式实施了在计算成绩时设“作文最低分”的规定,其目的是为了突出写作的重要性,提高学生的英语应用能力。具体计算方法如下:
1、根据目前考生的作文分均值,将作文分的最低分定为6分(据说下一步将把最低分提高到8分);
2、作文分为0分,总分若高于60分,报告成绩时一律作59分不及格处理;若低于60分则报告成绩时一律再减6分;
3、作文分大于0分,小于6分,则按下面公式计算成绩:最后报告分=原计算总分-6分+实得作文分
例如:原计算总分为58分,实得作文分为2分,最后报告分=58-6+2=54分。
原计算总分为63分,实得作文分为2分,最后报告分=63-6+2=59分。
原计算总分为70分,实得作文分为0分,最后报告分=59分。
原计算总分为80分,实得作文分为4分,最后报告分=80-6+4=78分。
由此可见写作在四级考试中的重要性可见一斑。
<三> 应试技巧
大学英语四、六级考试作文题采用总体评分方法,即阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。这种评分方法更注重内容和篇章结构,便于考查考生表达思想的能力。
评分是从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。因为内容和语言是一个统一体,作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。所以四、六级作文评分时既要考虑作文 是否切题,是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想,也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 纵观历次四、六级考试作文阅卷的情况,普遍存在着以下几方面的问题,而这些问题正是考生作文拿不到高分的关键所在。
1、平时缺乏训练、没有掌握写作能力。许多考生的写作仍停留在句子水平上,还没有上升到语篇水平上,因此写出的文章不流畅很生硬。还有一些学生的语言基础薄弱,中学所学的语言基础知识在大学里没能够得到巩固。
2、对四、六级作文的答题方法缺乏了解。四、六级考试的题型以写Argument类型的文章为主,偶尔也会出现图表作文、信或描述性、说明性的题目。
3、母语干扰的痕迹非常明显。例如,在1998年1月的作文题目为“Harmfulness of Fake Commodities”。有一位考生要表达“别人赚钱有人眼红”这样的意思,他不会使用“envy”或“en-vious”等词语,而是直接把眼红翻成了“red eyes”,使人感到费解。另一位考生想要讲述自己买了一双假冒皮鞋,不久鞋上开了一个洞这样的意思,就写出了“There was a cave in the shoe”这样的句子。这些虽然都是极端的例子,但也反映了母语干扰的一个方面。
为此,考生就应相应做到:
审题透彻。答卷是否切题是评分的基础。如果试题让你说东,你却偏偏说西,作文写得再 好也是枉然,不可能得高分。
言简意赅,逻辑性强。由于受时间、篇幅的限制,考生在写作时必须选取最能说明问题的 语言,以最合乎逻辑的方式安排层次,使之环环相扣,说服力强。这就是说,考生应对自己 要从几个方面阐明主题,每个方面需用怎样的方法来说明等心中有数,不可天马行空,想起 一句写一句地凑字数。
语言规范,避免语法错误。无论你对主题的认识怎样,都需用正确的语言来表达。语言错误太多最直接的恶果有两个:一是妨碍考生顺利表达思想,使阅卷老师不知所云;二 是 给阅卷老师留下不良印象,认为该生英语水平很差,进而影响其总得分。所以,考生除了平 时要加紧语言基本功的训练外,考试时尽量选用自己熟悉的句型和表达方式也很重要。也许你的用词或表达法不是最好的,但总比犯错误好。
字迹清晰,标点正确。由于四、六级考试集中阅卷,时间紧、压力大。清晰的字迹、整洁 的卷面既能为阅卷老师减轻一定的工作强度,又可为自己争取到良好的印象,何乐而不为呢? 至于标点,看似简单,其实不然。许多考生有一字一点的坏习惯,还有些考生中、英文标点不分,这些毛病一定要注意改掉。
四级写作中的常用句型与短语
1) 比较对照 的常用句型与短语 like A, B … Just as A, B …
There are a lot of similarities between A and B; A is like B in …;
A, similarly/correspondingly, likewise/in the same way, B … Unlike/ Contrary to/ As opposed to A, B … A , however/on the other hand/in contrast, B .. A …, B, however/on the other hand/in contrast, …
A has nothing in common with B;
Compared with A, B …;
We can compare A to B …;
on the contrary/on the other hand in contrast;
In comparison with;
in spite of the fact;
nevertheless;
whereas;
conversely
2)举例 First/ Second (Next) / Third (Then)/ Last (Finally), … The fist/ The second/ The third/ The last (The final) Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly/Last(Finally) One/Another/Still another/The last The most essential/most important/primary/chief is … To start with … ; moreover, … ; last, …
To begin with, … ; most important of, … ; in addition, …
First and foremost, … ; second, … ; finally
3) 因果 as a result, consequently, therefore, hence, so, because of this, for these reasons, due to the fact that
4) 承上启下,转折与总结的常用语 (1)启下的常用语 When asked about/ When it comes to/ Faced with …, some people claim/think/argue/believe that …, but/while others …(differently) Nowadays there is much/general discussion as to …. With the development/improvement/growth of …, Now, it is commonly/widely/increasingly believed/thought/held/acknowledge that …, According to a recent survey/investigation/poll, … Have you ever thought/wondered …? Suppose … As the saying goes, …
(2) 承上的常用语 Those who hold …. It is true that … To be sure .. First/Firstly … The main/leading/underlying/root/ primary/chief/essential …. "承接上文"的方式与文章的段落结构有关,比较的与列举的不同,与举例的也不同。应根据具体的情况选择适当的承接语。
(3)转折的常用语 It sounds like a good(attractive) idea (suggestion), but they fail to understand (see, notice There is probably an element of truth in the arguments (ideas), but they ignore a more important (basic) fact … Closer examination (analysis), however, suggests (shows) that this argument (claim, idea) may not be borne of (supported) by the following evidence (facts, examples, statistics). Close (careful) examination (analysis) of these arguments (ideas, suggestions), however, would reveal (suggest, prove) how flimsy (不足信的,不严密)(fallacious(靠不住的), groundless(没有根据的)) they are. However logical (sound, forcible(有说服力)) these arguments may be, they don't make sense (only skim the surface of the problem) when … is viewed the other way (taken into consideration). As opposed to (Contrary to) the widely (commonly, generally) held idea (belief, view), new studies (facts) challenge (fail to justify) the opinion (view). Good/Superior/Wonderful as …., it has its own disadvantages/ it brings its own problems. They may be right about …, but they seem to neglect /fail to mention/take into account … In all the discussion and debate over …, one important/basic fact is ignored/overlooked/neglected. It is true that/ Admittedly, but it is unlikely/doesn't follow/doesn't mean that … There is an element of truth in these arguments/statements, but they ignore a deeper and more basic/essential/important fact/factor … In many cases, however, … As far as .. is concerned, …
(4) 总结的常用语 Experience/Evidence/All the facts suggest/show/demonstrate/ indicate that … From what has been discussed above/Taking into account all these factors, we may safely draw/reach/come to/arrive/ the conclusion that… In conclusion/To sum up/In summary/In short/To conclude …. It is important/necessary/essential that effective/proper/powerful actions/measure/remedies should be taken to …
In short … ; In a word, … ; In brief, … ;In conclusion, … ;On the whole, … ;In all, … ;Altogether, … ;There fore; it can be concluded that…; On the basis; Given this; it can be inferred that …; Finally; It can / may be said that …
5)表示分类法常用的句型:
X may be classified/divided according to … ; on the basis of …; The classification is based on …
X may be put into … groups… consists of / comprises
6)表示时间顺序的常用句型:
Before / until something has been done ( doing something),…
While / As something is done ( doing something), …
During this time / process
The process begins ( finishes / concludes ) with …
7)表示数量之间比较的语句:
increase / decrease by X times (净增/减X倍)
It increased ( rose, jumped, shot up ) to X
It decreased ( dropped, fell ) to X
The figure ( percentage, number, population, amount) has almost doubled as against that of last year
8)表示观点的语句:
The first thing to be considered is …; I believe that …; It is a fact that …; This is unlikely to be true; These views are open to doubt; They would seem to be mistaken; It is generally / widely argued ( held / believed) that …
9)表示扩展的语句:
On the other hand; …aside from …; There is limit to …; No one can claim that …; The surprising thing is that …; The same is true of …; What’s more series is that …; No one can deny that …; There ‘s no doubt that …
10)表示因果的词语:
consequently; as a result; in consequence; therefore; hence; thus; accordingly; so; for; since
11)表示递进过渡的词语:
besides; in addition ( to ); moreover; furthermore; what’s more; to make things still worse
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