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一、题型介绍与分析
简短回答问题（简答题）为四级考试近年来新增设的主观题型，考试时间为15分钟，安排在“阅读理解”部分之后，每次考试为一篇文章，大约300-350词左右。文章后有五个问题或不完整的句子，要求在阅读完文章之后用简短的英语（可以是句子，也可以是单词或短句）回答所提的问题或补足不完整的句子。每题2分，共计10分。该题型旨在测试学生对英语书面材料的确切理解能力及一定的英语表达能力，答案比较开放，可有多种答题方式，学生应灵活掌握答题技巧，以自己的话进行总结。
二、应试策略与技巧
A.实战原则：
1、答案尽量用短语或词组，句子要简洁，一般都规定了不能超过10个单词，多了要扣分。
2、尽量用短文中出现的词组或短语，句子的用词也应以短文中出现的关键词为先。若非用自己的语言组织、表达不可，则注意句子结构的精炼、完整和时态的正确。
3、注意大小写正确及书写的工整。
B．合题型分析技巧：
简答题解题的关键是对文章的确切理解以及对答题技巧的把握，并能以最简洁的词或句子表达最准确的含义。答题时，要尽量避免语言错误，注意字母的大小写、回答的字数是否符合要求，还应注意所答句子是否需要进行适当的增加和省略。近三年简答题主要考三种题型：主题思想题、事实细节题、推理题，而以事实细节题考得最多(约70%)。
1. 主题思想题
此题型主要是用来检验学生高度概括的能力，是简答题的重要内容之一。每一篇文章都有它的主题思想，一般能在文章每一段第一句找到。有时，主题句也出现在文章某一段落的末尾或中间。常见提问方式有：
What does the passage mainly discuss?
What is the best title for the passage?
What is the main topic /subject of the passage?
What is the main idea expressed in the passage?
关键是找到主题句，通过对主题句进行"手术"，就能找到最佳答案。而主题句通常都在段首或段末，有时是一疑问句或一简单句，且具有语法上的独立性。关键词有“in short”、“in my opinion”、“that is”、“therefore”、“I believe/suggest/think”、 “in fact”等。
例 (1)What is the passage mainly about?
【分析】文章主要讲美国的偷车现象及其解决办法。阅读完毕，发现几个关键句子，如Vehicle, theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four million victims a year. How can you protect your car?
如果对这两个句子进行巧妙裁剪、嫁接，就能做许多满意答案，如
(1) Vehicle theft and security system in U.S.
(2) Car thefts in the U.S.A.
(3) Theft of Car.
(4) Stolen-vehicle phenomenon and solution等。
这些答案中关键词都可以在主题句或原文中找到，技巧只是如何把它们很好地结合起来。
2. 事实细节题
细节题是根据短文提供的信息和事实进行提问。此类题目涉及范围广泛，考试中所占比重大，提问方式多样。细节题的答案常常隐含在某些词语中，要求考生细读若干个句子，弄清题目意图，抓住关键词，对这些事实和根据作出评估，然后再作综合概括。本题型是考试中使用最多的题型，它们常围绕以下方面的内容展开：
Why was it…?
When did …?
Where did …?
Who was …?
How …?
According to the passage, …?
此类题型是简答题考查最多题型，考查形式多样，下面一一剖析。
(1)描述性题目——能直接从原文中找到答案。此类细节题答案一般是句子谓语或宾语等主干成分，略做变化即能写出答案。
例如：How serious did the author predict the annual vehicle theft could be in the United States in 1989?
【分析】:答好此题的关键，是要看到文中的一句话，即：
In 1987, ……If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two million by the end of the decade.
前面提到了1987，可知the end of the decade指80年代末，即1989年；exceed two million 是关键词。因此答案可以为：Over two million vehicles could be stolen.
(2)因果型的题目短文中能直接找到原因或结果。
通常表原因的关键词有：for that reason, for, as, because, since, as a result of, owing to, thanks to等。表结果的关键词有：as a result, therefore, consequently, thus, accordingly, so。阅读时要注意这些词后面的内容。
例如：Why are newspaper considered as an important medium according to the passage?
【分析】此题用why来提问，短文中似乎没有because……回应句。但考生在第一段应该会看到这样一句话：Of all the media, television is clearly dominant, with newspapers a close second, at least as a source of news and other information. 此句中直接谈到"newpapers"的作用"as a source of news and other information"，as是重要标志，因而题干答案即为：Because they are a source of news and other information.
例如：Why was it easy for boats to tumble over in the Colorado?
【分析】此题在短文第一段中没有出现任何表因果关系的连词，但文中有两处关键的话，即，all of us naturally set aside any pretenses(矫饰) and put out backs into ever stroke to keep the boat from tumbling over.
此处要知道keep … from … 之意，防止…被…，……working together to cope with the unpredictable twists and turns of the river. 前一句话暗示出小船极易"tumble over"，后一句话表明河流有："the unpredictable twists and turns"，故答案为：Because the rivers is full of twists and turns.
(3)范例型题目：需要概括答案的。表示举例的关键词有：for example, such …as, for instance, that is, as follow等。对这些词后面的内容要注意。
例如： What caused the sharp conflict in the GM plant in the late 1970s?
【分析】此题的答案需要从文中所举例子前后经过的描述中才能概括出来。文中用For example道出事情经过：For example, in the late 1970s a General Motor plant in Fremont, Calif, was the scene of constant warefare between labor and management. Distrust ran so high that the labor contract was hundreds of pages of tricky legal terms. ……
关键词有"Distrust"、"high"、"tricky"。此外，上一段"the teamwork is the key to making dreams come true"也很重要，因为所举例子是论证此观点的，故可概括出答案：Distrust and lack of teamwork.
(4)对照比较型题目：对照比较目的在于所涉及的两个事物之间的不同或相似之处,进而说明主题.
表对照的关键词有：however、nevertheless、in contrast、 on the other hand、but、yet、while等。
表比较的词有：likewise、in the same way、as if、as等。
例如：Developing children's self-confidence helps bring them up to be _______
【分析】此题答案在短文最后一句能直接找到。Giving children the opportunity to develop new resources, to enlarge their horizons and discover the pleasures of doing things on their own is, on the other hand, a way to help children develop a confident feeling about themselves as capable and intersting people.
句中on the other hand表对照，暗示出与前面相反的结果，故答案为：capable and interesting people.
(5)描写叙述型题目：需要变换词法或句型。
此类题句子内容和表达词在原文中能找到，关键是进行时态的变换、句型的转换。在替换过程中切勿因粗心犯错误，如时态、单复数和动名词等。
例如：What does the author think Joe Jempler should be blamed for?
【分析】此题答案在文可找到大部分词句，但需要作些变换。
原句有：Joe Templer should have known better: ……。It won't hurt to leave the key in the truck this once, ……。应知道："should +have+V-ed"用法，其次"leave the key in the truck"是关键词。通过这些知识点可知答案为：Having left his key in the truck.
3. 推理题
此类旨在考查学生归纳、演绎、与综合分析等逻辑推理能力，其答案一般根据已知信息来推理。这类题的回答要求考生不仅弄懂文章字面的意思，还要知道文章潜在的含义和作者所给的提示。解题的关键是：靠推断而不是原文照搬，把握文章的主题思想和每段的内容；抓住作者的观点；分析文章的有关信息，用自己的话来叙述。推理题一般有以下方式：
It can be inferred from the passage that .
What does the passage imply about?
According to the author, what does the sentence suggest?
The author implies that .
What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
例如：1997年6月S3：
S3: What made it possible for the TIME reporters to come up with so many interesting stories about pets?
本题要求考生仔细阅读、进行合理的推断，对文章第二段一、二句有透彻的理解。文章说：每一位宠物的主人都有类似的故事并渴望听的人也有同感，《时代周刊》的记者们一下就给出了25个动物的故事，每个故事都说自己的宠物是世界上最聪明的动物。从这里我们可以推断，正是因为宠物的主人急于把故事说给别人听，记者才有机会收集了这么多的故事。所以本题的答案可以是：
That the owners want others to share their stories.
Pet owners are willing to share their stories (with others).
Pet owners want to show that their pets are smart.
Pet owners are proud of raising clever pets.
这类题型主要包括两种：描述事实基础上推理和逻辑上的推理。
(1)在描述事实事础上的推理题。考生只要在描述细节句子范围内进行推理，不必顾及整体文章大旨，以防干扰。
例如：
What did Newton seem puzzled about?
【分析】此题文中第一段只描写了一个事实：Whenever I tossed out a Frishbee(飞碟) for him to chase, he'd take off in hot pursuit but then seem to lose track of it. Moving back and forth only a yard of two from the toy, Newton would look all around, even up into the tress. He seemed genuinely puzzled.
通过对这几句描述的理解，应明白Newton似乎不知上哪儿去找飞碟，故答案为：Not knowing the Frishee's track.
(2)通过前后句以及上、下文内在逻辑进行推理。此类题一般针对主题思想、作者意图而设计的。考生要注意首句、段尾句和表示转折或因果关系的一些词，如：but, however, yet, in short, as, although, as a result, because, since, therefore, thus, so等。
例如：Why does the author say Newton had unique sense of humor?
【分析】短文第一段先描写了Newton似乎不知道该上哪儿找飞碟，但当作者准备去帮它时，"he would run invariably straight over the Frisbee, grab it and start running like mad, looking over his should with what looked suspiciously like a grin."
从这前、后句可以判断Newton是在挑逗、欺骗作者。故答案为：Because Newton intended to deceive him.
4. 词汇题
词汇题考查理解多义词的能力。在英语文章里，为了避免重复或费解，作者会尽可能地运用不同的表达方式来表达同一意思。做词汇题时，如果能在原文上下文中找到原词的同义词，则用此词来做答。如果找不到，则需用自己的话进行解释。具体题型有：
What does…mean?
Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to “…”?
The word in line … refers to…
5. 作者的态度语调题
此类题询问作者对主题的态度、短文的基调等等。做这类题，注意推敲有关感情、态度和观点的词汇，如：optimistic, pessimistic, disappointed, depressed, satisfied, sympathetic, hated, critical, indifferent, objective, subjective, doubtful, positive, negative, approving等。不过就四级考试真题来说，这类题考的较少。
总之，简答题的答题思路与阅读理解中的同类题型是一致的，可以相互借鉴。
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