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七、状语从句
a．基本知识：
1．时间状语从句
1) 常见关联词有 when, whenever, while, as, before, after 等。
2）注意 not…until… 正常结构、倒装结构、强调结构、和until置于句首的用法。
He didn't go to sleep until he had finished his homework. （正常结构）
Not until he had finished his homework did he go to sleep. （倒装结构）
It was not until he had finished his homework that he went to sleep.（强调结构）
Until he had finished his homework he didn't go to sleep. （until置于句首）
3）表示"一……就……"的连词：once, as soon as, hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly
4） 其他表示时间的短语还有：every time, next time, the day 等。
2．地点状语从句通常由where, wherever引导 如：
Where there is a will, there is a way.
3．原因状语从句
1) 通常由because, as ,since引导, 三者区别：
because 语气最强，重在交待原因，以why引导的疑问句只能用because来回答；其前可用only, just等词强调；可用在 It is…that…强调句型中。如：You shouldn't get angry just because some people speak ill of you.
as 一词语气最弱，表示明显的原因。如：As she was in a hurry, she left her key in the car.
since 表示人们已知的事实，所以常译成"既然……"。如：Since everyone is here, let's get started.
另外，for属并列连词，不能位于句首，是对前一分句加以解释或说明。如：It must have rained last night, for the yard is wet.
2）与since相近，seeing that, now that, considering that, given that 都有"鉴于某个事实、考虑到"的意思，此外，in that， not that…but that…，on the grounds that 均可表示原因。
4．目的状语从句引导词有 so that, in order that,( 从句中常有情态助动词may/might, shall/should, will/would, can/could)，in case, for fear that, lest (从句中常有should, might等助动词)，for the purpose that等。
5．结果状语从句引导词有so that, such that, so…that, such…that, to the degree/extent that等。
6．条件状语从句分为真实和非真实两种。（非真实条件状语从句详见虚拟语气部分）引导词有if, unless, as/so long as, once, in case, provided/providing that, suppose, supposing that, on condition that
7．方式状语从句引导词有as, as if, as though, the way. 如：Do it the way you were taught.
8．比较状语从句详见比较用法部分
9．让步状语从句引导词有though, although, as, even though, even if, wh-ever(no matter how/what/who…)，while (while位于句首，一般意为"尽管……") 如：While we don't agree，we continue to be friends. 关于让步状语从句的倒装，详见倒装部分
b.本部分的考查重点是：
▲ 引导时间状语从句的名词词组：the instant, the moment, the minute, the time, each time, every time等。
▲ 引导原因状语从句的连词：as, seeing that(由于), in that(因为), considering that, for the reason that(因为), now that, not that … but that（不是因为，而是因为）等。
▲ 引导目的状语从句的连词：in order that, lest , in case, for fear that等。
▲ 引导条件状语从句的连词：as/so long as, unless, assuming(that) (假定), on condition(that)（条件是）, providing/provided(that) (假若), suppose/supposing that (假使), granting/granted that(假定)等。
▲ “主补＋as(though)＋主语＋谓语动词”引导让步状语从句，表示倒装。
八、时态
a．基本知识：
一般将来时
一般将来时的考点无一例外地出现在下面的情况中：在将来时态中，主句用将来时，从句则要用一般时。如98年6月的第53题：
If she doesn't tell him the truth now, he'll simply keep on asking her until she _______.
A) does B) has done C) will do D) would do
答案为A）。
现在完成进行时
由have (has) + been +现在分词构成，表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去，通常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如for hours, since this morning….例如：
They have been watching TV for two hours.
He has been working on this essay since this morning.
现在完成进行时和现在完成时的第二种（即表示动作延续）的用法相似，并常常可以互换。它们的区别在于：现在完成进行时比现在完成时更强调动作的延续性，前者可以说是后者的强调形式。
过去完成时
1.由had +过去分词构成，表示在过去某一时刻以前已经完成的动作，常与由by, before，until等介词或连词引起的表示到过去某一时间为止的时间状语连用。例如：
The girl had learned a lot of English words before she went to school.
By the end of last month, we had finished half of the work.
2.这一时态也常用于宾语或定语从句中。例如：
He found the book that he had lost.
She thought she had locked the door.
3.用在表示与过去情况相反的虚拟句的从句中，例如：
If he had studied hard last term, he would have passed the examination.
I wish I had gone to the party last night.
过去完成进行时
由had been +现在分词构成，主要表示过去某时以前一直在进行的一个动作，例如：
It had been raining for two days. The fields were all under water.
At last they got the telegram they had been expecting.
将来完成时
由shall (will) + have +过去分词构成，表示将来某个时间之前会发生或可能完成的事情，常与by, before, when等介词或连词引导的表示将来的时间短语或从句连用。例如：
When we get there they'll probably have left.
By the end of this century China will have become one of the strongest and wealthiest countries in the world.
b本部分的考查重点是：
▲ 过去完成时：常和before, after, until, when等引导的时间状语从句连用。其谓语动作一般表示过去。
（by the time/the end of）+表示过去时间的短语或句子。
hardly/scarcely＋过去完成时＋when＋过去时；no sooner＋过去完成时＋than＋过去时。
▲ 现在完成时和现在完成进行时：
状语词组：this day(week, month, year), so far, for some time, up to now, up to the present, all this year等。
▲ 将来完成时：常和before, until, when, after 等引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动作一般表示将来。
by(the time/the end of)＋表示将来时间的短语或句子。
九、主谓一致
a．基本知识：
主谓一致是指句子成分之间或词语之间在人称、性、数等方面的一致关系。
处理主谓一致一般应遵循以下两条原则：
1.） 语法一致，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语为单数形式，谓语动词也为单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。
a. The number of errors was surprising.
b. Julia and her twin sister naturally look a lot alike.
2.） 意义一致，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。
a. The crowd were fighting for their lives. ( 单形名词主语要求复数谓语动词，下划线部分表示一个整体中的成员)
b. Five minutes is enough. ( 复数名词单数谓语动词，下划线部分表示一个数目)
1. 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、时间等复数名词时，往往可根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词采取单数形式。
a. The dollars is not enough.
b. Three months passes in no time at all on the ranch.
如果明显地指一个个个体，则要根据语法一致地原则，谓语动词用复数形式。
a. There are two sliver dollars in each of the stockings.
2. 如果主语是"the＋形容词（或分词）"时，往往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单、复数形式：如果指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。
a. The blind are taught trades in special schools.
b. The departed was a good friend of his.
c. The good in him overweighs bad.
3. 如果主语由"either(neither) + of +复数名词（或代词）"结构担任时，一般根据语法一致的原则，谓语动词用单数形式。
a. Has either of your parents visited you?
b. Neither of them wants to come.
b.本部分的考查重点是：
▲ 如果主语为单数而后面跟有with, together with, along with, combined with, as well as, in addition to, more than, no less than, rather than, like, but, except等词引起的短语，谓语动词用单数。
▲ 如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词且前面有every, each, no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：Every boy and girl in this region is taught to read and write。
▲ many a (an another)＋名词；more than one＋名词等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Many than one person was involved in the case。
▲ the number/variety of＋名词作主语；an amount of (a deal of, plenty of)＋不可数名词；a quantity of＋不可数名词，谓语动词均用单数。
▲ 由“and”连接两个名词作主语，and后面的名词若不加冠词，常指同一个人或事物，谓语动词用单数。如：the secretary and manager（书记兼经理）。
▲ 以－ics结尾的名词如表示的是一门学科，动词用单数，如指特定事物，动词用复数。
▲ 由连词or, either …or, neither…nor, not only…but also, nor等连接的两个名词（或代词），谓语形式应采用毗邻一致的原则，即谓语与邻近的主语一致。
十、倒装句
a.基本知识：
在英语中，为了避免句子的部分内容重复，常用倒装句，即：so(neither，nor)+be动词(助动词，情态动词)+主语：具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时，句子一般部分倒装；当so，oRen，only等表示程度或频率的副词置于句首时，句子一般部分倒装；as或though引导的让步状语从句一般部分倒装，将形容词、副词置于句首；在非真实条件句，如果省略if, had,were，should需与主语倒装。当there，here，then，now等副词置于句首，且谓语动词为come，go，be等词时，句子一般全部倒装；表语置于句首时，需要全部倒装。
b.本部分考查重点：
▲ only＋副词，介词短语或状语从句引出的句子。
▲ 以never, little, nowhere, rarely, seldom, scarcely, hardly, no sooner, in no case, at no time, on no account, under no circumstances, by no means等。
十一、强调句
强调句型的基本结构是：It is (was)＋被强调部分＋that＋句子的其它成分。
例如：1. ____she wondered if she had made a mistake.
A. Not until long afterwards that B. Not long until afterwards
C. It was not until long afterwards that D. It was long afterwards until
【答案】C
【分析】not…until的句子强调时间状语时，必须将not和until放在一起。选C。
十二、反意疑问句
本部分的考查重点是：
▲ 当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody等合成词，其含义相当于汉语的人的集合时，附加疑问的代词用复数they来代替。当陈述部分的主语为everything, nothing, anything，something时，疑问句部分中的主语要用it。如：Nobody came to see me, did they?
▲ 如果陈述部分是I’m…结构，附加疑问部分一般用aren’t I. 如：I’m stupid, aren’t I ?
十三、代词
本部分的考查重点是不定代词：
▲ many, much, little, few 都是表示数量的代词。many, few 用作可数名词，作主语或宾语时，可指人；much, little用作不可数名词，作主语或宾语时指事物。
▲ both（两个都），either（两个中任一一个）和neither（两个都不）用于谈论两个人或东西时用；谈到三个或更多时用all（所有），any（任何）和none（没有人，没有任何东西）。
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