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B．语法的重点考察点
从历年全真试题分析看，四级考试语法考查重点是：虚拟语气、情态动词、分词、动名词、动词不定式、定语从句、状语从句、时态、主谓一致、倒装句、强调句型、反意疑问句、代词等。现逐一分析。
一、虚拟语气
在表示具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意向的动词、形容词、名词、过去分词等之后的从句中，需用虚拟语气。形式是“should+动词原形”，或省去“should”，直接用动词原形。
1. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句
常用的动词有：suggest, propose, desire, request, advise, command, demand, insist, require, order, recommend, beg, prefer, pray(请求), move(提议), maintain(主张), stipulate(规定), direct(命令)等。
2. 虚拟语气用于主语从句
常用的形容词有：necessary, important, essential, desirable, advisable, imperative(迫切的), urgent, preferable, vital, insistent(坚持的), crucial(紧要关头的)，strange(不可思议的)等。
常用的分词有：suggested, proposed, demanded, required, requested, desired, ordered, recommended, insisted, asked，resolved等。
3. 虚拟语气用于表语从句和同位语从句
常用的名词有：suggestion, proposal, advice, order, request, recommendation, requirement, insistence, stipulation, necessity, command等。
4. 虚拟语气用于状语从句
例如：If the whole operation ______ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (99/6/43)
A) was not planned B) has not been
C) were not planned D) had not been planned
【答案】D
【分析】if引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用过去完成时(had + 过去分词)，主句用过去将来完成时（would + have + 过去分词），故选项D是正确答案。
5. 虚拟语气的其它用法
1． It is (high, about) time…句型，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了”。If only引起的感叹句，表示“但愿，该…就好了”。
2． 条件暗含在with, without, but for(要不是), or(否则), otherwise(否则), except for(除了), under the condition, in the position of 等介词短语中，句子用虚拟语气。
3． lest(以防), for fear that(惟恐,以免), in order that(以免), in case（万一）引导的目的状语从句。
4． wish, would rather/sooner/as soon后的宾语从句。
二、情态动词
a.基本知识：
情态动词是一项非常重要的语法考点。在考试中大多与虚拟语气放在一起，有时也会单独出现，请特别注意以下几点：
1. 用于表示判断的情态动词。表示肯定判断的有must, may/might，表示否定判断的用can't或couldn't。
must + have +done ：表示对过去情况的一种肯定的推测与判断
may(might) + have + done：表示对已发生的事情的不太肯定的推测。might比may语气弱，表示把握更小。
should(ought to)+ have + done：肯定句表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生；否定句表示不该发生的事却发生了。
could + have + done：有时表示过去的时间，说明某事可能已发生，有时也表示过去本来可以做的事却未做。
needn't + have + done：表示本不必做的事却做了。
2. 情态动词也可以和动词的进行形式构成谓语，表示应当正在做某事，或想必正在做某事或即将、将要做某事。
You oughtn't to be talking so much. He can't be swimming all day.
3. 情态动词也可和动词的完成进行式构成谓语，表示应当一直在做某事或想必一直在做某事。
You must have been overdoing things a bit.
You should have been waiting for us.
b情态动词的测试重点：
▲ should(ought to)+have+p.p.表示“对已发生事情的责备、惊奇或推测”以及表示“应该发生而没有发生的事情”。
▲ might/could+have+p.p.表示“过去可能发生而没有发生的事情”。
▲ must+have+p.p.表示“对过去事件的推论”，只用于肯定句。否定句和疑问句需用can’t和can.
▲ needn’t +have+p.p.表示“做了不必做的事”。
三、分词（现在分词和过去分词）
a．基本知识：
现在分词和过去分词区别：
现在分词表示主动或现在的意思；过去分词含有被动或完成的意思。
例如：Originally cultivated in India, the banana was brought to America by the Portuguese who found it in Africa.
句中主语the banana和cultivate的关系应属被动关系，用过去分词cultivated。
The lost child was found hiding in the cave.
句中hiding in the cave与其主语the child是主动关系，用现在分词。
b.常见考点：
1.分词作状语
当分词短语作状语时，其逻辑上的主语一般须与句子的主语保持一致，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、让步和伴随情况等.如：Having finishing the homework, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语)
过去分词和现在分词（包括一些形容词）短语皆能作状语，其作用相当于状语从句，只不过是何种状语从句要根据句子的内容而确定。如：
Having (=As/Because I had ) no money, I borrowed some from John.（表原因）
Walking (=When I was walking) along the bank, I met a friend. (表时间)
Turning (= If you turn) to the right, you will see the shop. (表条件)
注意有时分词状语的前面可以加连词。如：
Although defeated (=Although he has been defeated) many times, he still challenges me.
When cursed (=When she was cursed) by the witch, the princess felt very weak.
2. 分词的独立结构
当分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般与句子的主语不一致，分词短语前需带其逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随情况等。
独立主格结构是带有逻辑主语的分词短语，它有以下几种形式：
1）主语＋分词
The problem being solved, he went back home.
Time permitting, we will go outing this weekend.
The report having been read， a lively discussion began.
2）With + 逻辑主语+分词（形容词、副词或介词短语等）
The old man came in with a book under his arm.
They went home with the lights on.
3）要注意区分分词作状语与独立主格结构。前者的逻辑主语是与句子的主语是一致的，而后者有自己的主语，即分词的前面有名词或代词，否则句子的意义就不通。如：
*Getting dark, I left in a hurry.
这是个错句。正确的形式是在分词前加上它的主语it.
再如：
*Stepping on the platform, the audience gave John a thunderous applause.
这个句子的真正意思是想说：当John登上舞台的时候，观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。正确的说法应是：
Stepping on the platform, John received/was given a thunderous applause.
3.分词短语作定语和宾补
例如：The project ______by the end of 2000, will expand the city' s telephone network to cover 1, 000,000 users. （99/6/68）
A) being accomplished B) to be accomplished
C) accomplished D) having been accomplished
【答案】B
【分析】在这里B) to be accomplished是The project的定语，由于主体The project和动词accomplish之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态；又由于动词accomplish还没有完成，是将要完成，所以要用不定式，故选B)
四、动名词
本部分的考查重点是：
只跟动名词的动词：
admit, include, acknowledge, risk, avoid, appreciate, consider, deny, escape, fancy, favour, hate, understand, miss, resent, delay, suggest, endure, imagine, mind, mention, dislike, postpone, excuse, practice, involve, confess, enjoy, have difficulty/trouble/a good / hard time/a struggle/no business/pleasure (in)＋v －ing
五、动词不定式
a.基本知识
不定式和动名词的区别：
不定式和动名词都可以作宾语，但在英语中不同的动词要求后边的宾语形式不同。有些动词要求动名词作宾语，有些动词要求不定式作宾语，还有些动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语，但所表达的意思却不同。所以大家要记住这些特殊的动词。
要求不定式作宾语的动词有：expect, urge, intend, persuade, prefer, cause, encourage, tell, ask, make, let…
要求动名词作宾语的动词有：mind, quit, resent, mention, appreciate, postpone, consider, enjoy, deserve, delay, avoid, escape, deny, resist, admit, fancy, give up, cannot but, need, want，feel like…
下列动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语：remember, forget, regret, mean, like, hate, love, stop…
remember, forget, regret后接不定式表示动作尚未发生；接动名词表示动作已经发生。like, hate, love 后接不定式表示具体的或一次性的动作；接动名词表示习惯性或抽象性的动作。
stop 后接不定式表示停下现在动作去做另一件事；接动名词表示停下现在所进行的动作。
mean 后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接动名词表示意思是什么。
几种特殊的句型
It is no good (use)+ doing sth.
It is no use arguing with her about the matter.
There is no doing sth.
There is no telling when to start.
But + (to)do: 介词前动词若是实义动词do，省略to; 介词前动词若不是实义动词do，则不能省略to。
Our parents required us of nothing but to study hard.
He said nothing but to cry.
He did nothing but cry.
b.本部分的考查重点是不定式的完成式，进行式和被动式。
六、定语从句
a基本知识：
定语从句也称形容词性从句，在整个句子中起定语的作用。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词和代词之后，这种名词和代词被称为先行词。
引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中，关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等，在从句中可作主语、宾语，定语等；关系副词有when, where, why等词，在定语从句中只用作状语。其中：
1. who, whom, whose指人，在从句中分别作主语（在非正式英语中也可作宾语,但可省略）、宾语和定语；whose也可指物，作定语；that可指人，也可指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语；which指物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语。注意：whom, that, which在从句中作宾语时可以省略。请看例句：
1）The man who was here yesterday is a painter.
2) The man (who) I saw is called Smith.
3) I know the man (whom) you mean.
4) A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
5) I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
6) A letter that is written in pencil is hard to read.
7) The letter (that) I received from him yesterday is very important.
8) Is he the man that sells eggs?
9) That is the boy (that) you are looking for.
2. when 指时间，where指地点，why指原因，在从句中都作状语。例如：
1) We will put off the picnic until next week when the weather may be better.
2) He has reached the point where a change is needed.
3) That is no reason why you should leave.
定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。限定性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面修饰、限定先行词，它与先行词之间没有逗号，去掉后会影响全句意思的完整性。非限定性定语从句用来解释、说明先行词或主句所指内容，与先行词之间用逗号隔开。
1) I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow.
2) Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
b 本部分的考查重点是：
1.在下列情形下只能用that，而不能用which。
1)序数词或最高级形容词修饰先行词时：
a. The first English novel that I read was the Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.
b. Tom is the most diligent student that I have ever known.
2) 先行词是不定代词或被all, everything, nothing, anything, something等不定代词修饰时：
a. Mr. Green had told us something that we should do in the summer vocation.
b. I heard all that she told to her mother.
2. that, which 和as
非限定性定语从句中的先行词在从句中作主语指人、指物或主句所指代的一个意义时，引导词不能用that，而只能用which或 as。而后两者的区别是which引导的非限定性定语从句可放在句中和句末，却不能置于句首，as引导的从句既可放在句中、句末，也可置于句首。
a. He once helped a woman, which(as) was reported in the newspaper.
The dog, which(as) is black, is running toward the strange man.
b. As is known, the director of the company is going to come to our branch to have an inspection of the production here.
3. which和whom在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在二者之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上，在含有介词的固定词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上，而不能放在二者之前。
a. (正)Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
(正)Please tell me whom you borrow the English novel from.
b. (正)The house in which he lived before now becomes a restaurant.
(正)The house which he lived in before now becomes a restaurant.
c. (正)This is the magazine (that) you are looking for.
（误）This is the magazine for which you are looking.
4. 介词＋which的结构可代替定语从句中的引导词when和where。
a. He was born in Germany where(in which) he stayed for 12 years [1] [2] 下一页
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