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Test Six
1
It is common knowledge that drug abuse leads to harmful consequences. Why then do people—particularly youngsters—continue to use drugs? Psychologists claim that there are three basic motivations that influence people to take drugs: curiosity, stress and environmental factors. Sometimes, youngsters take drugs simply because they are curious. Taking drugs seems to be the “inthing” for their generation, so they want to know what drugs are like. The trouble is that they do not know that taking soft and seemingly innocuous(无害的) drugs can develop into cravings(渴望) for stronger stuff later on. In some cases, youngsters are depressed or frustrated because of problems related to parents, school or the opposite sex. They take drugs to escape from the stress brought on by all these problems. In other cases, the environment is conductive to taking drugs. If, for instance, a youngster belongs to a community, school, or peer group where other youngsters take drugs, he may soon be tempted to follow suit, for fear of ostracism or nonacceptance.
There is a growing consensus nowadays among social workers and psychologists that the best possible approach to the problem of drug addiction among the young is for school authorities, social workers and the Police Narcotics Division to work together to provide young people with muchneeded education on the effects and dangers of drug abuse. Moreover, parents can do a great job in leading children away from drugs. They should spend more time with their children, listening and talking to them. Most importantly, parents should show them attention, concern and love. Parents who always scream at their children and nag(唠叨) them about their failings and weaknesses are regarded as unwitting drug pushers. As far as young people are concerned, a warm and happy family, wherein members share both joys and sorrows and where children get maximum encouragement and support, is the best bulwark against the onslaughts of drugs. It is no exaggeration to say that a happy home is a drug free home.
1. The expression “inthing” in the first paragraph most probably means ____.
A. curiosity B. fashion C. demand D. pressure
2. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED as a reason why some youngsters take soft drugs?
A. They think that soft drugs are not harmful.
B. They wonder what drugs are like.
C. They are disturbed by problems.
D. Their parents are drugtakers.
3. Social workers and psychologists hold a common belief that ____.
A. the Police Narcotics Division should take sole responsibility for the problem of drug addiction among the young
B. parents ought to be educated about the effects and danger of drug abuse C. young people tend to be addicted to drugs
D. the concerned authorities should join efforts to educate youngsters about the evil consequences of drug addiction
4. A youngster grows in a community where people around him take drugs ____.
A. may also take drugs to adapt to the trend
B. may run away from home for fear to be involved in it
C. may be very cautious in his choice of friends
D. may be tempted into doing the same thing to be accepted
5. The best way to prevent youngsters from taking soft drugs is ____.
A. to issue a ban on the sale of drugs
B. to punish the drug addicts
C. to give them a warm and loving family
D. to teach them principles
2
Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.All foods contain water—cabbage and other leaf vegetables contain as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish anything from 80% to 60% depending on how fatty it is. If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria(细菌) which cause food to go bad is checked.
Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration(脱水) is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110℃ at entry to about 43℃ at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish.
Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated horizontal steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes. In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes. In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.
Dried foods take up less room and weight less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried out moisture with boiling water.
6. The chief point of the second paragraph is about ____.
A. the comparison of lean meat and fish
B. the removal of water in food
C. the water content in food
D. the relationship between water and food
7. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A. the fattier fish contain as much water as the lean ones
B. the fattier the fish is the more water it may contain
C. a fatty fish holds less water than a lean one
D. the water content of fish has nothing to do with the content of their fat
8. The word “conventional” in Paragraph 3 can most probably be replaced by ____.
A. traditional B. scientific
C. usual and acceptable D. not common
9. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about drying food?
A. The removal of water in food helps prevent it from going rotten.
B. The openair method of drying food has been known for hundreds of years.
C. In the course of dehydration, the temperature of hot current coming from entry to exit is gradually going up.
D. The process of drying liquids is much more complex than that of drying solid food.
10.The last paragraph tends to discuss ____.
A. the reason why housewives like dried food
B. the general convenience of dried food
C. the methods of storing food
D. the advantages of dried, canned and frozen food
3
The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anaesthetics(麻醉药). Patients do not often believe they really need surgerycutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs.
In the early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery.
A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves(瓣膜) repaired. Blocked blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life.Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastic; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye; the invention of the artificial kidney to clean the blood of poisons at regular intervals and the development of heart and lung machines to keep patients alive during very long operations.
One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few years ago, no person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually killing them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that withthe use of xrays and special drugs, it is possible to transplant tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between nonidentical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have yet to be solved.
11.In the first paragraph, the word“irrational” most probably means ____.
A. understandable
B. unreasonable
C. reasonable
D. logical
12.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Modern surgeons are able to perform almost every operation.
B. A patient can still live a comfortable and satisfactory life even after the removal of his lungs.
C. Most people prefer treatment with drugs to surgical operations.
D. With the use of xrays and special drugs, modern surgeons can carry out any organ transplant successfully.
13.Some of the more astonishing innovations in modern surgery include ____.
A. brain removal
B. plastic heart valves
C. lungs replacement
D. artificial nose
14.The main trouble in organ transplants is ____
A. the lack of specialized surgeons
B. there are not enough organs available
C. the body’s tendency to repel alien tissues
D. people’s reluctance to donate their organs
15.In this passage, the author focuses on ____.
A. the importance of surgical operation
B. advantages and disadvantages of surgical operation
C. the ways of curing the patients who need surgery
D. dramatic spurt in modern surgery in the last fifty years
4
In one very long sentence, the introduction to the U.N. Charter expresses the ideals and the common aims of all the peoples whose governments joined together to form the U.N.
“We the peoples of the U.N. determined to save succeeding generations from the disaster of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold suffering to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental rights, in the dignity and worth of the human being, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, and for these ends, to practise tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of economic and social advancement of all peoples, have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims.”
The name “United Nations” is accredited to U.S.President Franklin D.Roosevelt, and the first group of representatives of member states met and signed a declaration of common intent on New Year’s Day in 1942. Representatives of five powers worked together to draw up proposals, completed at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944. These proposals, modified after deliberation at the conference on International Organization in San Francisco which began in April 1945, were finally agreed on and signed as the U.N.Charter by 50 countries on 26 June 1945. Poland, not represented at the conference, signed the Charter later and was added to the list of original members. It was not until that autumn, however, after the Charter had been ratified(认可) by China, France, the U.S.S.R., the U.K. and the U.S. and by a majority of the other participants that the U.N. officially came into existence.
The date was 24 October, now universally celebrated as United Nations Day.
16.The initial stated aim of the United Nations was to ____.
A. reaffirm the ideals
B. help developing countries
C. save the people of the whole world
D. prevent a third world war
17.In Line 1 Paragraph 2, the word“succeeding” can be replaced by ____.
A. contemporary B. older
C. successful D. following
18.U.S.President Franklin D.Roosevelt ____.
A. was the father of “The UN”
B. probably approved of the name“The UN”
C. disliked the name “The UN”
D. was an asset to “The UN”
19.Dumbarton Oaks was the place where ____.
A. President Roosevelt drafted a declaration of common intent
B. representatives of 5 powers formulated basic suggestions
C. China and some other countries ratified the UN Charter
D. 50 countries signed the UN Charter 20.The essential functions of the UN include ____.
A. coordinating actions where necessary
B. promoting economic and social advancement
C. improving living standard for all the people in the world
D. maintaining law and order
答案部分
短文大意
本文讨论的是青少年吸毒的问题。作者分析了青少年吸毒的三个原因：好奇，压力和环境影响，社会工作者和心理学家普遍认为解决青少年吸毒问题的最佳办法就校方、社会工作者和警方戒毒所一起做工作为青少年提供所需的教育来对付吸毒带来的影响和危险，父母要关心和爱护他们。
1. 答案B。
【参考译文】 第一段中的“inthing”这个短语最可能的意思是“fashion”。
【试题分析】 本题考查考生根据文章上下文猜测词义的能力。
【详细解答】 根据上下文来推断词义是遇到不熟悉词汇时的常用方法，另外结合平时接触的日常知识也是常用方法。一般对于很符合潮流，赶髦的人被看作是in the fashion，落伍或老土的人被形容成out of fashion，另外从这句话中的for their generation也可猜出一点。这里的their generation当然是指年轻的一代，而inthing自然是年轻人崇尚的合乎潮流和时尚的事。所以，可以猜到答案是B项“时尚”，而A项“好奇”这在上文中已讨论完毕了。C项“需要”显然说不通。D项“压力”是下文将要讨论的问题，在此处还未出现。因此，通过排除法也可得出B项为最佳答案。
2. 答案D。
【参考译文】 下面哪一句不是作为一些青少年吸食软性毒品的原因提到的?
【试题分析】 本题要求了解文章的细节。
【详细解答】 文章第一段很详细地解释了年轻人为什么会服食软性毒品，原因有三：好奇，压力和周围的环境。用排除法解答，我们可以在文中找到A项：他们认为软性毒品没什么伤害，B项：他们对此感到好奇，C项：他们碰到一些烦恼的事。而D项所说由于他们的父母是吸毒者文中并未提及，由此得出结论。
3. 答案D。
【参考译文】 社会工作者和心理学家普遍认为有关当局应该共同努力来教育青少年，说明吸毒成瘾的恶果。
【试题分析】 本题考查文章主旨的细节。
【详细解答】 文中第二段第一句就提到了社会工作者和心理学家们普遍认为解决年轻人吸毒成瘾的最好办法是校方、社会工作者，警方戒毒所一起做工作为年轻人提供所需的教育以抵制吸毒带来的影响和危险。因此最适合的答案应为D项。A项过于强调戒毒所的单独作用。B项过于强调了父母的作用，C项更加与原文相反。
4. 答案D。
【参考译文】 生长在周围的人都吸毒的社区中的青少年为了被接纳可能受到诱惑而吸毒。
【试题分析】 本题考查文章主旨的细节。
【详细解答】 文中第一段末句提到属于一个团体的年轻人，若其他年轻人吸毒，他也会跟随一起吸毒以免被排斥。所以不难看出最佳答案为D项。而A项所认为年轻人吸毒是适应趋势与文中怕被排斥的原因不符。
5. 答案C。
【参考译文】 阻止青少年吸食软性毒品的最佳办法是给他们一个温暖而充满爱的家庭。
【试题分析】 本题考查对文章主旨的理解。
【详细解答】 文中第二段花大篇幅强调了幸福的，充满爱的家庭对阻止年轻人吸毒的作用。文章最后一句还写道一个幸福的家庭就是一个无毒品的家庭这句话毫不夸张。所以最佳答案应为C项。
2
短文大意
本文讨论的是食品脱水问题。食品脱水的最简单的办法就是让太阳晒干食品或让风吹干食品，现在大多数食品都用机械脱水。文章还谈到了各种食品的含水量，脱水过程以及干制食品的好处和方便之处。
6. 答案C。
【参考译文】 第二段的要点是食品的含水量。
【试题分析】 本题要求理解段落大意。
【详细解答】 这一题要求我们抓住中心，不要混淆细节和中心的关系，第二段从头至尾都在说明各种食品的含水量，包括蔬菜和肉类，并未提及食物去水的方法或过程，所以很明显答案应为C项“食物的含水量”。
A项强调瘦肉和鱼的对比，但文中只叙述了瘦肉和鱼的含水量，并未就两者进行对比，所以A项不正确。B项强调食物水分和去除，从全文来看的确主要讲述的是水分的去除，但第二段却未提到去除食物水分，仅描述了各种食物的含水量，所以B项也不正确，D项强调的是水和食物的关系，此段只说明了含水量，也未就水和食物的关系展开论述，所以D是错误的。
7. 答案C。
【参考译文】 从本文中可以推断，肥鱼比瘦鱼含水量少。
【试题分析】 本题要求对有关细节进行推理。
【详细解答】 这一题要求我们对细节部分有仔细的理解，由此题的题干我们无法推出考查点是什么，但仔细看完四个选项后，可以看出，这一题主要考察我们对第二段第一句话的理解，文中描述了鱼的含水量取决于它的脂肪含量，那么是脂肪量多的鱼含水量多还是脂肪量少的含水量多呢?细心的读者会发现文中描述的鱼的含水量视其脂肪量多少，含水量由80%向60%递减不等，即脂肪越多，含水量越靠近60%这一下限，因此，答案应是C项。
8. 答案C。
【参考译文】 第三段的“conventional”这个词最可能被“usual and acceptable”替代。
【试题分析】 本题为语义测试题。
【详细解答】 这一题考查对词汇的推测，在这里我们不仅可根据词根来推，还可由上下文来推，我们知道convention有“常规，惯例”的意思，那么其形容词conventional自然有一般，通常的意思，所以不难看出，此题的答案应是C项，另外，我们也可从下文中看出其意思，下一句话提到这是一种usual method，即conventional被usual所代替，据此，我们也可确定答案为C，即惯常且为人们所接受的。而A中的traditional是传统的意思，这与通常这一意思还有差距，B和D项的意思与原文相去更远。
9. 答案C。
【参考译文】 下面哪一句话与有关干制食品的内容不符?
【试题分析】 本题要求理解文章的大意。
【详细解答】 这一题要求我们对全文有了整体理解后才能判断，且要注意选不正确的一项，A项认为“去除食物中的水有助于防止其腐坏”。由文中第二段的末句“若去除了水分，使食物变质的细菌的活动就被控制了”。就可确定A项与原文相符，所以不应选A。B项认为“用敞露的方法来干燥食物已有几百年的历史了”。文中第一段就写明了几百年前人们就发现去除食物中的水份有助于储藏并且最简单的方法就是将食物暴露于阳光或风中”。由此也可得出B项是与原文相符的，所以不应选B项，C项认为“在脱水过程中，热流的温度从进口到出口逐渐上升”。而文中写道热流的温度在进口处为110℃，而出口处为43℃，这说明温度是下降的，显然C项与原文不符，应选C项。
D项认为“干燥液体中的水份比干燥固体中的水份的过程复杂得多”。文中干燥固体食物如蔬菜，肉鱼等的过程很简单，只要将食物经由高温到低温的热流吹过即可，但液体食物却要经过好几步，很明显后者比前复杂得多，所以D项也与全文相符，不应选D项。
10.答案B。
【参考译文】 最后一段是要讨论干制食品总的方便之处。
【试题分析】 本题要求理解段落大意。
【详细解答】 抓住最后一段的中心，也就能做出最后一题，最后一段主要在讨论干制食品的好处和方便之处。B项显然符合这一中心。A项只是文中略提到的一小点，而非中心。C项更与最后一段无紧要关系，文中只提到干制食品易于储存，并未提及储物方法。D项将听装和冷冻食品也包括在内，而文中只说明了干制食品较这两者的优点。所以应选B项。
3
短文大意
本文讨论的主要是过去五十年现代外科的飞速发展。本世纪初外科发展几乎没有专业技术，但现在的情形完全不同了，现代外科发展几乎难以置信，其最具革命性领域之一是器官移植。
11.答案B。
【参考译文】 第一段中的“irrational”这个词最有可能的意思是“unreasonable”。
【试题分析】 本题为语义测试题。
【详细解答】 这一题可通过上下文来推断出答案也可根据词缀来判断，我们知道im是一种表示反义的前缀，但在以r或l开头的单词前其前缀就须改成ir或il，在此处，irrational就是rational(理性的)的反义词，即不理性的，从上下文，我们看到尽管现在很先进，人们仍然对医院和麻醉药有害怕心理，这种害怕当然是没道理的即不理性的，所以B项是正确的。
12.答案C。
【参考译文】 根据本文，下面哪一句是真实的?
【试题分析】 本题要求理解文章的主旨。
【详细解答】 这一题需对全文整体理解、并用排除法一一判断。A项认为“现代的外科医生几乎能做每一个手术治疗”。而原文写道这个世纪初，外科没有什么专业，外科医生几乎能做每个当时已有的手术。但现在情况不同了”。显然A项不正确。
B项认为“一个病人在摘除他两个肺后仍然能过着舒适、满意的生活”。而原文只提到病人在摘除一个肺后能如此，所以B项不正确。
C项认为“大多数人宁愿靠药物治疗而不愿动手术治疗。”这与原文中提到的“与用药物治疗相反，人们常认为他们不需要进行手术”这一句话意思相符，所以C项是正确的。
D项认为“利用X光和特殊的药物，现代外科医生能成功地做任何器官移植手术”。而文中只提到利用X光和特殊药物可以将一个人的肌肉组织移植到另一个人身上而不发生排斥，却不曾提到可以完成任何器官移植手术，所以D项是错的。
13.答案B。
【参考译文】 现代外科一些令人惊讶的创新包括塑料心脏瓣膜。
【试题分析】 本题要求掌握有关细节。
【详细解答】 这一题着重于细节问题，在第三段中列举了多项令人难以置信的现代外科发展，其中提到了以塑料的心脏瓣膜代替原心脏瓣膜，很明显B项是正确的，而A、C、D项都不是这一段中所列举的。
14.答案C。
【参考译文】 器官移植的主要困难是人体的排他性。
【试题分析】 本题要求掌握有关细节。
【详细解答】 这一题同样也是对细节的考察，第四段中提到除了孪生子外，移植别人的组织于一个人体内会产生排斥并最终致死，也就是说器官移植手术的主要困难是人体的排他性，不难看出，C项是最合适的答案。
15.答案D。
【参考译文】 在本文中作者着重论述了过去50年现代外科的飞速发展。
【试题分析】 本题要求掌握文章的主旨。
【详细解答】 这一题要求读者把握住全文的中心。A项认为“外科手术的重要性”而文中大篇幅讲的是外科手术的发展状况，所以A项是不正确的。B项认为是“外科手术的利与弊”，从全文看，作者以肯定的语气介绍了外科手术所取得的成就并认为人们对医院和麻药的害怕是不理性的，并且全文也不曾提及外科手术的不利之处，所以B项是错的。C项认为是“治疗需要做手术的病人的方法”，文中也不曾就治疗方法作阐述，只是在描述外科成就时提到一些手术方法，所以C是不正确的。D项认为是“过去50年在现代外科方面的飞速发展”，全文所围绕的中心的确是外科方面的飞速发展，所以D是正确的。
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短文大意
本文主要讨论的是联合国的由来，联合国的宗旨以及联合国日。成立联合国的目的是要让后代免受战争的灾难，重申尊重人的基本权利，尊严和价值等。联合国的名称得到了包括美国在内的首批成员国的认可，五大国的代表联合起草联合国宪章，经修改后于1945年4月开始的旧金山国际会议上达成一致，于同年6月26日由50个国家签字通过。10月24日被确认为联合国日。
16.答案D。
【参考译文】 联合国起初陈述的目标是防止再次发生世界大战。
【试题分析】 本题要求理解文章的主旨。
【详细解答】 对于联合国来说初始的目标是什么，我们可以从那一长句话中得出答案，在这句话中陈述许多个目标，但第一个分句，提到了为了从战争的苦难中解救后辈人们这一目标，这是建立联合国的第一个目标，从战争的苦难中解救人们也就是为了防止战争的再次爆发，由此可判断D项是正确的。
17.答案D。
【参考译文】 第二段第一行的“succeeding”这个词可以用“following”来替换。
【试题分析】 本题为语义测试题。
【详细解答】 用一个词代替一个词，这要求两者意思相近，succeeding在文中修饰generations，从上下文来看，这里的succeeding并不是成功的意思，因为这里讲述的是从战争中拯救后代，显然用成功的来形容generations是不合适的。而succeed还有继续的意思，所以这里的succeeding应该是接下来的，或后面的意思。所以应选D项。
18.答案B。
【参考译文】 美国总统罗斯福很可能认可了联合国这个名称。
【试题分析】 本题涉及到文章的细节及有关关键词的理解。
【详细解答】 这一题主要考查我们对accredited一词的理解，对于我们不熟悉的词，我们可以从上下文来推断其意思，还可以根据词缀或词根来猜测。credit与to连用有“归功…”或“相信…是…造成”的意思，前缀ac表示方向，因此accredit to的意思想来也与归功于…，或认可之意有关，应有肯定意义，因此较为合适的答案应为B项，而A夸大了罗斯福对联合国的作用，D项认为罗斯福是为联合国增光的人，这也夸大了罗斯福的影响。
19.答案B。
【参考译文】 Dumbarton Oaks是五大国代表提出基本建议的地方。
【试题分析】 本题考查对文章细节的理解。
【详细解答】 这一题主要是对细节的考察，文中提到1944年在Dumbarton Oaks五大国的代表在一起工作，提出了采用UN这一名字的建议。由此，我们可判断B是正确的。
20.答案A。
【参考译文】 联合国的重要功能包括必须的平等行为。
【试题分析】 本题要求了解阐述文章主旨的事实和细节。
【详细解答】 这一题要求我们对文中的那一句长句有正确的理解，并结合排除法来做。A项认为包括了“必需的平等行为”，文中提到了联合国的建立是为了加强基本的权利，加强男人、女人及大国、小国的平等权利，因此A项是正确的。B项认为包括“促进经济、社会前进”，文中只提到促进社会进步并在尽可能不受干预的范围内提高生活水平，而未提及促进经济前进，因此B项不正确。C项认为包括“提高世界所有人民的生活水平”，文中限定了在尽可能不受干预的范围内提高生活水平，而不是所有人的生活水平，因此C项不准确。D项认为包括“修改法律和命令”，文中只提到修改一些国际法而不是一般的法律和命令，所以D也是不正确的。
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