During the 1980s, unemployment and underemployment in some countries was as high as 90 percent. Some countries did not 1 enough food; basic needs in housing and clothing were not 2 . Many of these countries looked to the industrial processes of the developed nations 3 solutions.

4 , problems cannot always be solved by copying the industrialized nations. Industry in the developed nations is highly automated and very 5 . It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industrial processes, and highly 6 workers are needed to 7 and repair the equipment. These workers must be trained, 8 many nations do not have the necessary training institutions. Thus, the 9 of importing industry becomes higher. Students must be sent abroad to 10 vocational and professional training. 11, just to begin training, the students must 12 learn English, French, German, or Japanese. The students then spend many years abroad, and 13 do not return home.

All nations agree that science and technology 14 be shared. The point is, countries 15 the industrial processes of the developed nations need to look carefully 16 the costs, because many of these costs are 17 . Students from these nations should 18 the problems of the industrialized countries closely. 19 care, they will take home not the problems of science and technology, 20 the benefits.

1. [A] generate[B] raise[C] produce[D] manufacture

2. [A] answered[B] met[C] calculated[D] remembered

3. [A] for[B] without[C] as[D] about

4. [A] Moreover[B] Therefore[C] Anyway[D] However

5. [A] expensive[B] mechanical [C] flourishing [D] complicated

6. [A] gifted [B] skilled [C] trained [D] versatile

7. [A] keep [B] maintain [C] retain [D] protect

8. [A] since [B] so [C] and [D] yet

9. [A] charge [B] price [C] cost [D] value

10. [A] accept [B] gain [C] receive [D] absorb

11. [A] Frequently [B] Incidentally [C] Deliberately [D] Eventually

12. [A] soon [B] quickly [C] immediately [D] first

13. [A] some [B] others [C] several [D] few

14. [A] might [B] should [C] would [D] will

15. [A] adopting [B] conducting [C] receiving [D] adjusting

16. [A] to [B] at [C] on [D] about

17. [A] opaque [B] secret [C] sealed [D] hidden

18. [A] tackle [B] learn [C] study [D] manipulate

19. [A] In [B] Through [C] With [D] Under

20. [A] except [B] nor [C] or [D] but

2

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (1) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (2) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (3) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in (4) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (5) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (6) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (7) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (8) ____ to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly (9) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (10) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (11) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (12) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also (13) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (14) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (15) ____ was common in the traditional family (16) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (17) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (18) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (19) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (20) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

1.[A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] cementing

2.[A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because

3. [A] interactions[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation

4. [A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response

5. [A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else

6.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding

7. [A] on[B] in[C] for[D] with

8. [A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject

9. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] chock[D] reflect

0. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount

11. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length

12. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence

13. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced

14. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously

15. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as

16. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept[D] heritage

17. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible[D] incredible

18. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation[D] availability

19. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure[D] popularity

20. [A] provided[B] since[C] although[D] supposing

3

A person’s home is as much a reflection of his personality as the clothes he wears, the food he eats and the friends with whom he spends his time. Depending on personality, most have in mind a(n) “( 1) ______ home”. But in general, and especially for the student or new wage earners, there are practical ( 2) ________ of cash and location on achieving that idea.

Cash, ( 3) ________, in fact, often means that the only way of ( 4) _________ when you leave school is to stay at home for a while until things ( 5) _________ financially. There are obvious ( 6) ________of living at home—personal laundry is usually ( 7) _________ done along with the family wash; meals are provided and there will be a well-established circle of friends to ( 8) _________. And there is ( 9) _________ the responsibility for paying bills, rates, etc.

On the other hand, (10) _________ depends on how a family gets on. Do your parents like your friends? You may love your family—(11) _________do you like them? Are you prepared to be (12) __________ when your parents ask where you are going in the evening and what time you expect to be back? If you find that you cannot manage a(n) (13) _________, and that you finally have the money to leave, how do you (14) _________ finding somewhere else to live?

If you plan to stay in your home area, the possibilities are (15) _________well-known to you already. Friends and the local paper are always (16) _________. If you are going to work in a (17) _________ area, again there are the papers—and the accommodation agencies, (18) _________ these should be approached with (19) _________. Agencies are allowed to charge a fee, usually the (20) ________ of the first week’s rent, if you take accommodation they have found for you.

1. A. ideal B. perfect C. imaginary D. satisfactory

2. A. deficiencies B. weaknesses C. insufficiencies D. limitations

3. A. cut B. shortage C. lack D. drain

4. A. getting over B. getting in C. getting back D. getting along

5. A. improve B. enhance C. develop D. proceed

6. A. concerns b. issues C. advantages D. problems

7. A. still B. always C. habitually D. consequently

8. A. call in B. call over C. call upon D. call out

9. A. always B. rarely C. little D. sometimes

10. A. little B. enough C. many D. much

11. A. and B. but C. still D. or

12. A. tolerant B. hostile C. indifferent D. good-tempered

13. A. agreement B. consensus C. compromise D. deal

14. A. go about B. go over C. go in for D. go through

15. A. seldom B. less C. probably D. certainly

16. A. dependent B. a good source of information C. of great value D. reliable

17. A. familiar B. cold C. humid D. new

18. A. though B. while C. since D. as

19. A. enthusiasm B. hesitation C. caution D. concern

20. A. same B. equivalent C. equal D. similarity