四级考试阅读理解中的四不要

　　从新教学大纲对阅读能力的要求中，我们知道它主要包括阅读速度和阅读理解两个方面，笔者在西北工业大学学生中做了问卷调查，其中约95%的学生认国掌握词汇量太少是影响阅读理解的首要问题；°阅读速度方面，绝大多数学生认为他们在不同程度上都有以下不良阅读习惯：

　　（1）“指读”，即为了“集中注意力”，用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读。一遇到生词，便停顿下来，无法在通篇理解的基础上继续进行阅读。

　　（2）“唇读”，即有的学生在阅读中寺喜欢读出声来，或即使不出声，嘴唇了居动，或脑子里也在想着读音，无形当中影响了大脑的思维速度。

　　（3）“回读”，即在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时，返回句首甚至段首重读；还有相当多的学生对阅读忆经产生心理定势，即认为自已第一遍肯定读不懂，因此反复多遍，浪费很多时间。

　　（4）“译读”，即在阅读过程中，不断地进行膛词逐句的翻译，通过译成母语来辅助理解。由于没有掌握正确的阅读方法，习惯于在不加限定的时间内，对一小块文章精雕细琢，导致了逐词阅读接受信息的习惯。

　　四级考试阅读理解技巧

　　四级阅读测试一般包括4篇文章的阅读，每篇后有5道选择题。这些的类型多种多样，但归纳起来大致可分为二大类，即全域型问题（Global Question）和局域型问题（Local Question ）. Local Question一般涉及三方面内容：Subject Matter, Attitude/Tone; Local Question 涉及：Supporting Details ,Inference, Vocabulary.以下，我们将针对四级考试的特点、出题范畴、出题方式等，根据这些问题在考试出题中的大致排列顺序，进行有步骤、有计划的分项应试技能训练。

　　四级考试阅读理解技巧（一）

　　关于主题思想问题（Subject Matter）

　　Subject Matter(SM中心思想)是作者在文章中要表达的的主要内吼是贯穿全文的核心。作者在文章中努力通过各种Supporting Details来阐明中心议题。因此，把握主要思想对于全文内听理解具有重要意义。熟悉四级测试的人都知道，这类问题常被列为5题之首。然而，如何找出主题常使考生倍感棘手。因为他们总希望通过某个词或某句话就能找到答案，而找主题往往需要通读全文后才能作出判断。

　　针对SM问题，应采用快速阅读法（Skimming）浏览全文，理解文章主旨大意，阅读时要注意抓住中心思想的句子在文章中的位置也不同，但阅读时，文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句特别重要，因为他们往往名包含文章的中心议题（SM）。

　　根据批发部在内容的不同，这类问题可分杰主题型、标题型和目的型　。主题型一目了然就是找中心（Main Idea）;标题型是为文章选择标题（Title）;目的型就是推断作者的写作意图（Purpose）.这类题常见的命题方式有：

　　（1） What is the main idea (subject) of this passage ?

　　（2） What does this passage mainly (primarily)concerned ?

　　（3） The main theme of this passage is ___________.

　　（4） The main point of the passage is__________.

　　（5） Which of the following is the best title for the passage ?

　　（6） The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is ___________.

　　（7） On which of the following subject would the passage most likely be found in a textbook ?

　　（8） The purpose of the writer in writing this passage _________.

　　（9） Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole ?

　　1. 关于主题型

　　Example 1:

　　Oceanography has been defined as "The application of all sciences to the study of the sea "

　　Before the nineteenth century ,scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between .Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings ,but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work .

　　For most people the sea was remote , and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others , who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it ,let alone to what lay beneath the surface ,The first time that thequestion "What is at the bottom of oceans "? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile( 轮廓)of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.

　　It was to Maury of US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853 , for information on this matter. In the 1840s,Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings(试探)were taken investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.

　　The cable was laid , but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.

　　Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872Thomson led a scientific expedition, which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples form the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895 .

　　This passage is mainly about_____________.

　　A) the beginnings of oceanography

　　B) the laying of the first undersea cable

　　C) the investigation of ocean depths

　　D) the early intercontinental communications

　　本题问及全篇的中心思想。通过快读（skimming ）我们知道这是一篇叙述"海洋学"的文章。第一段谈的是关于"海洋学"的定义；第二段是讲19世纪前对海洋感兴对趣的科学家不多；第三段谈到由于有人提了铺设海底电缆，人们才开始研究"海底深处究竟是什么"；第四段说Maury考察北大西洋和太平洋的发现引起广泛的注意；第五段讲修筑海底电缆过程中发现大量的海洋生物；最后一段是海洋学研究的成果。可风全篇主要是讲海洋学的研究是如何开展起来的，所以正确答案是A）。文章有　个地方谈到铺设义；第二段是讲19世纪前对海洋感兴趣的科学家不多；第三段谈到由于有人提出铺设海底电缆，人们才开始研究"海底深处究竟有什么"；第四段说Maury考察北大西洋和太平洋的发现引起广泛的注意；第五段讲修筑海底电缆过程中发现大量的海洋生物；最后一段是海洋学研究的成果。可见全篇主要是讲海洋学的研究是如何开展起来的，所以正确答案是A）。文章有好几个地方谈到铺设海底电缆B）和越洋通讯（D），但都是围绕着海洋学这条主线的。至于C)，测量海洋深度，只是一个细节，不可能是文章的中心意思

　　四级考试阅读理解技巧（二）

　　2．关于标题型

　　Example :

　　A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement(新拓居地 ) spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for along time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines .

　　The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska west-ward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific .The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land Actual work on this project began four years later. money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to. cover a greater distance than the other. In l869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.

　　The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.

　　The best title for this passage would be__________.

　　A) Settlements Spread Westward

　　B) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital Link

　　C) American Railroad History

　　D) The Importance of Trains in the American Economy

　　本题是给文章选标题，实际上也是问及全篇的主旨。文章第一段的第一句虽然提到"settlement spread ever farther westward ",但这不是本文论述的中心，太故选项A）是错的；选项D）也不合适，因为作者在第三段第二句里谈的是在美国起重要作用的transcontinental railway,　而不是泛指美国的铁路；虽然本文从一个侧面反映了美国铁路的历史，故选项C)也是错的；本文的第三段点了文章的主旨，即这条横贯美国的铁路在开发西部、发展工农业生产和统一美国等方面　起到了a vital link 的作用。因此，答案应该是选项B）

　　四级考试阅读理解技巧（三）

　　3.关于目的型

　　We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed -ability 　teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in　streaming( 把...按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account　the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can　quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!

　　Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to　heir intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full , not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching con-tributes to all these aspects of learning.

　　In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often 　work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to cooper-ate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to 　make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher. 　Sometimes the pupils work in pairs`, sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach 　them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child 　is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we 　give them every encouragement to attain this goal.

　　 The author's purpose in writing this passage is to________.

　　A) argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the 　same class

　　B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities

　　C) offer advice on the proper use of the library

　　D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom

　　本题要求学生首先了解这篇文章的主题。文章中讨论了两种上课的方式： stream1ng pupi1s即把学生按能力分班进行教学和mixed-ability teaching即把程度不齐的学生混班上课。并列举了前者的弊端和后者的优点。因此A）是答案。而选项出，B)，D）中提到的几种做法均为mixed-abi1ity teaching的具体做法，都不能看作是作者写这篇文章的目的。这一题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的句子，而且要能够根据作者思路的展开，把握作者在整篇文章中赞成什么反对什么，因此，必须看懂全篇文章的意思.

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