六级听力应试技巧__短文或听写部分 Section B 短文部分 六级听力考试的第二部分通常是短文理解。该部分一般由3篇短文及10道针对短文提出的问题组成。10道问题基本平均分配,两篇短文后跟3个问题,另一篇后跟4个问题,每个问题后约有13秒的间隙。短文由一人朗读,语速约为每分钟160词。
与对话部分相比,这一部分所含的信息量较大,对考生的短时记忆要求较高,在信息的辨别、组织和推断等方面都有一定的难度。因此,熟练掌握解题技巧就更加重要了。
从前面几节中读者可以看到,听力考试中唯一的书面线索就是各题的四个选择项。对于听力不是特别好的考生来说,准确地利用四个选项的信息进行推理和判断往往是答好试题的关键,这一点在短文理解题中尤为突出。但与对话部分不同的是,考生除了要掌握单个题的解题技巧以外,还要格外注意以下方面:
一、短文理解的选项通常都比较长,平时训练时要注意浏览速度的培养;
二、总的来说,短文理解的文章可分为简单科普类、英美风土人情类和社会问题类,而且其篇幅不长,难度介于一级与二级之间,客观地说,这种文章并不是太多,因此平时要广泛进行大量的阅读,极有可能在应试时碰到内容类似的考题,甚至会出现文章以前见过的情况。
三、由于短文理解文章的题材比较广泛,平时要注意扩大自己的知识面,有很多题都是完全通过常识就能做出答案 (见例一)。
四、由于每篇文章后有两到三个问题,这在一定程度上增加了试题的难度,但从另一个角度来看,这同样给予考生更多的信息来判断一篇文章的主要内容,因此,在浏览选项时,首先要把这篇文章的几个问题综合起来,分析出整篇文章的主要内容,并将其应用于各个小题的分析中。
此外,关于在听音时是否记笔记的问题,仁者见仁。笔者认为应视各人具体情况并依题而定。例如,对于可准确判断出其提问方式的题,完全可以边听录音边划下答案,就没有必要记下什么。但对于数字题来说,由于短文中可能出现几个数字,而且记下数字相对较容易,此时可在卷边简单做一些记录。
还有一点值得注意的是,短文后的问题并不都与有关信息在短文是出现的顺序相对应。
本章将从短文理解部分的出题形式,综合短文体裁来进行逐一分析,希望读者能掌握分析的思路。
1 主旨型 主旨型的题针对短文的中心思想、主题、说话者的态度与观点以及短文标题等内容进行提问,考的主要是考生对全文的综合理解和整体把握。其提问一般由what或which引出,如:
What’s the main idea/topic of the passage? What is mainly discussed in the passage? What is best title for the passage? What can be concluded/inferred from the passage? What can we learn/infer from the passage? What does the passage imply?
读者可以看出,这类题极类似于阅读理解中的主题类问题,因此平时大量的阅读对做好这类题无疑是有帮助的。就听力题而言,除了首先要根据选项进行预测外,还要尽量抓住主题句,把握全文大意。主题句是全文展开的基础,抓住了主题句,考生就能对短文的主要内容有大概的了解。一般来说,主题句的位置不外乎短文的开头与结尾两处,位于短文中间的很少,所以听录音时,要对这两处地方特别注意
【例1】 [1](95-6 B20)
A) Nature has changed our environment over the years. B) We must avoid wasting resources and polluting our environment. C) Our resources are nearly used up. D) Trips to other planets will help eliminate pollution.
答案是B)。这是一道比较明显的主旨型题。我们不妨假设这种题的问句全部都是:What’s the passage mainly about? 或者 What can be drawn from the passage?。 无须其它信息,根据这四个选项,我们就可心确定这是一篇关于环境(污染或保护)的文章。环境问题已是大家非常熟悉的话题,我们可用常识知识来排除干扰项。
首先,既然是环境污染或环境保护,文中谈的必然是人类与自然的问题,因此A)的可能性不大,况且环境本身就是自然的一部分,自然改变环境不通。A)可以被排除。
B)似乎有道理,暂时保留。
C)明显不符合事实。要说的话,也只能说:our resources are being used up。
D)中用了eliminate(消除)一词,估计没有人会赞同这种说法。
当然,在做出简单的判断之后,我们还要用听到的信息进行验证以确保无误。原文如下:
In a way, all of us are in one spaceship, the planet Earth. We move around the sun at 18 miles per second and never stop. On our spaceship we have five billion people and a limited supply of air, water, and land. These supplies have to be used carefully because we can’t buy new air, water, or land from anywhere else.
The environment on our planet is a closed system: nothing new is ever added. Nature recycles its resources. Water, for example, evaporates and rises as visible drops to form clouds. This same water returns to the earth as rain or snow. The rain that falls today is actually the same water that fell on the land 70 million years ago.
Today, the Earth is in trouble. Factories pour dirty water into our rivers. Many fish dies and the water becomes unhealthy for people to drink. Cars and factories put poisons into the air and cause plants, animals and people to get sick. People throw bottles and paper out of their car windows, and the roadside becomes covered with all sorts of wastes. Over the years, people have changed the environment, and we have pollution.
To continue to survive, we must learn how to use the Earth’s resources wisely. We have to change our habits and stop dumping such enormous amounts of industrial waste into the water and air. We must cooperate with nature and learn better ways to use, not abuse, our environment.
Question 20: What message is the speaker trying to convey?
【例2】 A) Trade unions in Britain are becoming more popular. B) Most strikes in Britain are against the British law. C) Unofficial strikes in Britain are easier to deal with now. E) Employer-worker relations in Britain have become tenser.
本题也是比较明显的主旨型题。四个选项中给了我们足够的信息。这篇文章涉及到了工会(A)、罢工(B、C)、劳资关系(D),这些可称为选择项中关键词。单就这三个词来说,我们可以分析一下它们之间的相互关系,即罢工是由工会组织的,而这又是在劳资关系恶化的背景下发生的,因此这是一篇属于社会问题类型的文章。很明显,作为工会和罢工存在的背景的劳资关系较之前两者更适合作为讨论的话题。
现在再来看这四个选项,且不管A)、B)、C)三个是否符合事实(有这方面的知识当然更好),我们起码可以看到前三个答案讲的全是单一的、细节性的内容,都不适合作主题句,因而可以认为D)是正确答案。原文如下:
Strikes are very common in Britain. They are extremely harmful to its industries. In fact, there are other countries in Western Europe that lose more working days through strikes every year than Britain. The trouble with the strikes in Britain is that they occur in essential industries. There are over 495 unions in Britain. Some unions are very small. Over 20 have more than 100,000 members. Unions do not exist only to demand higher wages. They also educate their members. They provide benefits for the sick and try to improve working conditions. Trade unioners say that we must thank the unions for the great improvement in working conditions in the last hundred years. It is now against the law for union members to go on strike without the support of their union. This kind of strike is called the unofficial strike and was common until recently. Employers feel that unofficial strikes were most harmful because they would not be predicted. However, these unofficial strikes still occur from time to time and some unions have also refused to cooperate with the law. As a result, the general picture of the relations between workers and employers in Britain has gone from bad to worse.
Question: What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
从以上两例可以看出,主旨型的题往往能够通过对各选项的分析就能判断出答案,只要掌握了分档的技巧,这种题还是比较容易的。 2. 细节题
细节题(包括对话部分)大致可分为两类:明示和隐含两种。
A. 明示细节题
明示细节题涉及的一般都是短文明确表达的具体细节,如人物、地点、时间、数字等。相对而言,明示细节题是最容易的题型,这不仅是因为其答案往往可以直接从原文中听到(有时也可能与原文内容相同,但表达方式可能有差异),主要还因为其书面线索即卷面选项较为简单,通常不需要经过复杂的逻辑推理即可判断出属于这类题。请看以下各例:
1. A) The victory over one’s fellow runners. B) The victory over former runners. C) The victory of will-power over fatigue. D)The victory of one’s physical strength.
2. A) The runner who runs to keep fit. B) The runner who breaks the record. C) The runner who does not break rules. D)The runner who covers the whole distance.
3. A) He won the first prize. B) He dies because of fatigue. C) He fell behind the other runners. D) He gave up because he was tired.
从选择项中多次出现的重复词汇victory, runner等可知短文的内容讲的是赛跑。
第一题的选项都是名词词组,被修饰词是相同的,都是victory,由此可以推测,本题的提问将是针对修饰victory 这个名词的定语内容。 第二题选项的结构与第一题相同,可做同样的推测,听音的重点是定语从句的内容。 第三题的主语是he,可以猜测是关于某个运动员的。A)过于一般,D)与人们所提倡的参与精神相背,故B)、C)的可能性较大。听音时注意。
B.隐含细节题
隐含细节题的答案往往不能从句子原文中直接找到,而是要经过分析推测与问题有关的事实之后才能得以发现,有一个综合理解的过程。这需要考生在听音的过程中,除了应用前文介绍的听力技巧外,还要根据自己所掌握的知识和逻辑思维能力,借助于话语提示和声音手段,找出那些录音中没有直接表达出来的事实或问题答案。
要做好这类题,有效利用书面信息并作出预测是非常必要的(详见本节各例),同时,还要掌握一些常用的话语提示信息,对下文内容做出符合逻辑的推测,这些提示的内容包括:
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