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Test 4
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. Socalled intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (imput) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an inputouput balance. Questions:
1. According to Para. 1, memory plays an important role in ____.
2. We can obviously notice that over a period of no practice what has bee
n learned tends to be forgotten from ______.
3. It seems that the author disagree to explain _____.
4. If memories failed to fade, _______.
5. According to the assumption given in!last para., we don’t exactly know ______
答案部分
短文大意
本文对于人的记忆和遗忘功能一题，进行了详细的论述。文中指出，记忆对学习，对智力
活动，解决问题的能力，都起着重要的 作用。然而，遗忘功能也是功不可没的。因为，假
如记忆力永不衰退，人的适应能力将被削弱，人的日常生活行动将会混乱。文章在最后
，又引入了另一个有关记忆与遗忘之间关系的理论。
1.【参考答案】learning,intelligent behavior and the ability to solve any problem
【解题技巧】 将同类的内容进行归纳总结，提取原话是解决本题的方法。
【详细解答】 本题的答案散落在第一段中，我们可分别发现：Learning could not occur without the funtion popularly named memory.(没有这个通常被称为记忆的功能，学习不可能进行。)…Socalled intelligent behavior demands memory.(通常所说的智力活动需要记忆力。)The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory.(解决任何问题的能力，甚至发现问题是否存在的能力，均有赖于记忆力。)因此，将Learning,intelligent behavior,the ability to solve any problem提取出来，即可。
2.【参考答案】dramatic instances of sudden forgetting
【解题技巧】 从既定的结果入手，寻找存在的条件是本题技巧。
【详细解答】 问题问的是：根据什么，我们可以明显看出一段时间不练习，已学到的东西会逐渐遗忘。在第二段中，我们可以看到本题已知的结果：Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten.下面一句说的是and the adaptive consequence may not seem obvious.(而且这种自身适应的后果看来并不明显。)这一句离题更近了，下面就得到了答案：dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can been seem to be adaptive.
3.【参考答案】how the process of forgetting survived by evolutionary interpretation
【解题技巧】 从间接的否定进入直接的否定，并抛开原文中不必要的修饰词。
【详细解答】 问题是：作者似乎不同意解释什么。这句话的问题很明确。然而，在英语语言中，一些表示否定的话语，说得却很委婉。第二段的最后：Nevertheless,an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.然而，一个进化论的解释也许使人难以理解这个很普通的逐渐遗忘过程怎样会经历自然选择后仍保留下来。那么，might make it difficult,即是一种委婉的否定。因为是简短回答，可以把修饰词commonly,gradual,natural selection去掉，留下词干就可以了。
4.【参考答案】adaptive ability would suffer
【答题技巧】 寻找与题相关的类似说法，是本题的技巧。
【详细解答】 第三段句首有这样一句话：In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade.文中有：Without forgetting,adaptive ability would suffer.在这句中，without forgetting取意与if memories failed to fade相同。
5.【参考答案】how adjustments are made between memory and forgetting
【解题技巧】 根据已知的东西去推测判定隐含的内容。
【详细解答】 这个问题问的是：依据最后一段，给出的假定理论，我们知道什么。这种问题，需要我们依据文中内容来作出合理的推测，最后一段指出：In this view,continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage and forgetting.依据这种观念(假定中的观点)，学习或记忆储存和遗忘之间可不断调整。Indeed,there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is related to how much they have learned.的确，有证据表明：一个人的遗忘率与他的学习量直接有关，根据已知的信息，可做以下合理的判断：一个人遗忘率与学习量虽然有关，但是个什么样的关系? 再由具体推向抽象，记忆与遗忘可不断调整，怎么调整?据此，我们利用原文，答案可总结为：how adjustments are made between memory and forgetting.
改错部分
Cannes Film Festival, the most prestigious motion picture festival in the world, held each May in __1.
the resort city of Cannes, in southeast France.
The Cannes Film Festival was conceived at the end of 1938 as a reaction of reports that the Venice Film __2.
Festival became a platform for fascist propaganda. __3.
Due to World War II (19391945) however, the first Cannes Film Festival was not held till 1946. Interna __4.
tionalism and postwar optimism characterized the first festival, although organizers placed less emphasis on__5.
competition as on mutual creative stimulation between __6.
national productions. In later years the selection, by juries, of entrires for prizes was reflected more commercial __7.
interests and the festival soon acquried
its current reputation as a fashionable professional event, more concerning with advancing the film industry than __8.
the art of film . French director Francois Truffaut addressed these issues in 1956 which he exposed the __9.
festival’s political intrigues and promotional deals, and predicted its commercial demise. The festival survived, however and in 1959, Truffaut himself was awarded the prize for best screenplay for Les Quatre Cents Coups (The Four Hundred Blows, 1959).
In spite its everpresent financial interests and political __10.
overtones, the Cannes Film Festival remains an essential showcase for international cinema.
答案部分
1.【参考答案】将held改为is held。
【参考译文】 戛纳电影节是世界上最有声望的电影节。每年5月在法国南部的旅游胜地戛
纳举行。
【试题分析】 本题辨析非谓语动词用作谓语的误用。
【详细解答】 英语中动词不定式，现在分词与过去分词都属非谓语动词，不能单独构成
谓语，但都可以用作状语。所以，在改错时应特别当心，注意判断其与主句的关系，到底是
主谓关系，还是句子与状语的关系，本句是长句子，关系复杂，主语是Cannes Film Festival,但除了过去分词held所构成的状语外，并没有谓语出现。故，将held改成is held.
2.【参考答案】将of改为to。
【参考译文】1938年底，威尼斯电影节已蜕变成了法西斯的宣传舞台。针对这一情况戛纳电影节应运而生。
【试题分析】 本题辨析介词与名词搭配的错误。
【详细解答】 reaction后若有后置定语时，固定的介词应该用“to”而不是“of”，类似这一用法的名词还有“key,answer”等。
3.【参考答案】将became改为had become。
【参考译文】 译文同上句。
【试题分析】 本题辨析动词时态的误用。
【详细解答】 英语的长句中，若出现两个动词，都发生在过去，发生在前的应用过去完成时。句中，was conceived和became都发生在过去，而威尼斯的蜕变(became)明显在前，因此，应用had become。
4.【参考答案】将till改为until。
【参考译文】 然而，由于第二次世界大战，第一届戛纳电影节直到1946年才得以举办。
【试题分析】 本题辨析连词的误用。
【详细解答】 本句表达的意思应是“直到……才”。表示肯定的意思，而前面已用了not,因此，应该和有否定意义的until一起，才构成肯定的意思，而till的误用，使本句在语法上发生了混乱。
5.【参考答案】将although改为as /because。
【参考译文】 第一届电影节洋溢着国际主义和战后乐观主义的情绪，因为组织者们侧重于民族作品间的相互创造激情而不是竞争。
【试题分析】 本题辨析连词的误用。
【详细解答】 句中Internationalism and postwar optimism characterized the first festival与organizers placed less emphasis…之间关系，应该是因果关系，结果在前，原因在后。而although却表示的是转折关系。故属误用，应改为表示因果关系的连词as或because.
6.【参考答案】将as改为than。
【参考译文】 译文同上句。
【试题分析】 本题辨析连词的误用。
【详细解答】 less一词是little的比较级，故此句不是同级比较，所以，as是误用，应改为“than”.
7.【参考答案】将was删去。
【参考译文】 在以后的几年，由评审团评选的入围作品则带有更多的商业利益。
【试题分析】 本题辨析动词语态的误用。
【详细解答】 本句的主语是the selection，它与reflect的关系是主动的，是入围的作品反映出商业利益，而不是入围作品由商业利益反映出，而介词by在句子里，仅表示与juries一起，构成selection的定语，与被动语态没有任何关系。故将reflect由被动语态改为主动，将was去掉。
8.【参考答案】将concerning改为concerned。
【参考译文】 戛纳电影节很快以其时髦的专业形象而声名大震。它更注重推动电影业的发展，而不是电影艺术本身。
【试题分析】 本题辨析作定语时分词的误用。
【详细解答】 本句，concern with意思为：“使……关心”concerning with短语是句子的状语，而其逻辑主语是the festival，很明显，the festival与concern之间的关系，应该是被动的，concern应该用被动式concened，故concerning属误用。
9.【参考答案】将which改为when或in which。
【参考译文】 法国导演特吕福特在1956年就指出了这些问题。他揭露电影节带有政治阴谋和推销伎俩，并预言其在商业上的崩溃。
【试题分析】 本题辨析定语从句关系引导词的误用。
【详细解答】 在定语从句，指代年代的词可以有when，可以是which或in which只要判断出定语从句中，到底是缺什么成分。若缺的是状语，应用when,或in which,若缺主语或宾语，则用which或that,而句中，be exposed the festival’s political intrigues and promotional deals,缺的是时间状语，故引导词该是when或in which，那么，将which前加in 或改为when则可以了。
10.【参考答案】将In spite改为In spite of或Despite。
【参考译文】 尽管有商业利益及政治高调贯穿始终，戛纳电影节依然是国际电影的一个重要的展示机会。
【试题分析】 本题辨析连词的误用。
【详细解答】 In spite有“尽管”的意思。后面可跟句子，也可跟名词，但跟名词，必须加个of，相当于Despite.句中，In spite后不是句子，而是一个名词词组。故在后面加上of,或将in spite改为despite。
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