surging--- To increase suddenly. Used of electric current or voltage猛增=accelerating

surpass--- To be or go beyond, as in degree or quality; exceed胜过=exceed, outrun

sustain--- To keep in existence; maintain继续生存；维持=maintain

sustenance--- Something, especially food, that sustains life or health营养物，尤指食物=fare Food and drink; diet食物和饮料

Means of livelihood生计=livelihood

supplement---Something added to complete a thing, make up for a deficiency, or extend or strengthen the whole补充物，用来完成某事、补充不足、扩展或加强=extension

An addition that increases the area, influence, operation, or contents of something扩大

supreme---Greatest in importance, degree, significance, character, or achievement最重要的=outstanding

succinct---Characterized by clear, precise expression in few words; concise and terse简明的=concise

sufficient---Being as much as is needed充足的=adequate

sumptuous---Of a size or splendor suggesting great expense; lavish豪华的；花费奢侈的=luxurious

substantial--Considerable in importance, value, degree, amount, or extent有重大价值的=considerable Worthy of consideration; significant重要的

substitute---One that takes the place of another; a replacement代用品=replacement, in place of代替

subsidize---To assist or support with a subsidy以津贴补助=finance To supply funds to给…提供资金

subtle--So slight as to be difficult to detect or analyze; elusive纤细的，细小的=slight

submit---提出，提交=present提出；呈递

subsidy---Monetary assistance granted by a government to a person orsgroupsin support of an enterprise regarded as being in the public interest补助金=financing融通资金

subject to ---在...条件下;易受...的侵袭;受控制=expose to, susceptible to

stretch---A continuous or unbroken length, area, or expanse连续不断的长度，地区或空间=span The extent or measure of space between two points or extremities, as of a bridge or roof; the breadth跨度两点或两端间的空间

strike---To engage in a strike against an employer罢工=walkout

To come to; attain来到；到达= make contact with

striking--- Arresting the attention and producing a vivid impression on the sight or the mind.惹人注目的=prominent Immediately noticeable; conspicuous显眼的

stringent--- Imposing rigorous standards of performance; severe严格的=strict

stimulus--- Something that incites or rouses to action; an incentive激发物=motivate

strain ---To pull, draw, or stretch tight拉紧=tension The act or process of stretching something tight拉紧

stationary--- Not capable of being moved; fixed不能被移动的；固定的=fixed, immobile

status---Position relative to that of others; standing地位=standing

sticky---shavingsthe property of adhering or sticking to a surface; adhesive粘的=adhere, cement

staple--- A basic or principal element or feature主要成分，基本成分=basic element

squirt--- To issue forth in a thin forceful stream or jet; spurt喷=spurt out v.喷出

staggering-- Causing great astonishment, amazement, or dismay; overwhelming令人大为吃惊、惊讶或沮丧的；使束手无策的=overwhelming

spur--- To incite or stimulate刺激，鞭策=stimulate

speculate about--- To assume to be true without conclusive evidence推测=hypothesize To assert as a hypothesis假设

spinal---Of, relating to, or situated near the spine or spinal cord; vertebral脊柱的=backbone

spark--- To set in motion; activate发动；触发=bring about引起;致使;造成;达成

spawn--- To give rise to; engender造成；使产生=create

solemn--- Deeply earnest, serious, and sober庄严的，极认真的，严肃的=serious

slope---declivity A downward slope, as of a hill斜坡

smother--- To suffocate (another)使窒息=eliminate To get rid of; remove消灭；消除

snap--- To pull apart or break with a snapping sound折断=break

signify--- To denote; mean表示…的意思=denote

simultaneously---同时存在[发生]地=concurrently同时发生的，并存的；合作的

skepticism-- A doubting or questioning attitude or state of mind; dubiety怀疑态度=doubt

shield--- To protect or defend with or as if with a shield; guard保护、防卫=protect

secrete-- To conceal in a hiding place; cache躲藏=produce？？

scarce--- Hard to find; absent or rare难得的；缺少的或罕见的=rare

scores--- A composition written for a musical comedy配乐=musical compositions音乐作品

scent--- A perfume香水=perfume

scale--- To climb up or over; ascend攀登=climb

sanitation--- Formulation and application of measures designed to protect public health.

卫生措施=health

tremendous--- Extremely large in amount, extent, or degree; enormous巨大的=huge, greatly

trend--- A general tendency or inclination趋向=tendency

trap--- A contrivance for catching and holding animals, as a concealed pit or a clamp like device that springs shut suddenly陷阱=entomb To place in or as if in a tomb or grave埋葬

trace--- A visible mark, such as a footprint, made or left by the passage of a person, an animal, or a thing痕迹=imprint, residue The remainder of something after removal of parts or a part残留物

textile--- A cloth, especially one manufactured by weaving or knitting; a fabric纺织品=cloth, fabric

terrestrial--- Of, relating to, or composed of land陆地的=land

terrain--- An area of land; ground地区；地带=land

tedium--- The quality or condition of being tedious; tediousness or boredom单调乏味=tiresome

temporarily--- Lasting, used, serving, or enjoyed for a limited time在有限的时间内持续地、被使用、发挥作用=makeshift A temporary or expedient substitute for something else.

权宜之计,暂时或临时替代其它事物的东西

usher--- To precede and introduce; inaugurate宣告，展示介绍；开始，开创=begin

unrestricted--- adj.无限制的,自由的=unlimited

unsubstantiated---未经证实的，未经证明的=unverified未经证实的，未经核对的

unravel--- To separate and clarify the elements of (something mysterious or baffling); solve分散并澄清=discover

undoubtedly---确实，无疑地，必定=unquestionably不成问题的;无可非议的;无可指责的

undergo--- To pass through; experience经过；经历=experience

unadorned--- Without adornment or embellishment; simple or plain未加装饰的；简单的，朴素的=plain

venerable--- Commanding respect by virtue of age, dignity, character, or position值得敬重的，令人崇敬的=worship Ardent devotion; adoration.热烈的崇拜；崇敬

variable--- Likely to change or vary; subject to variation; changeable易变的=unstable

vivid--- Evoking lifelike images within the mind; heard, seen, or felt as if real生动的=graphic Described in vivid detail生动细致地描写的

witness--- To take note of; observe作记录；观察=observe

yield--- To give forth by or as if by a natural process, especially by cultivation生产=provide, produce

Supplements

adjunct-addition辅助-附加

coarse-rough粗糙-粗糙

collectively-together共同的-一起

conclusive-definitive最后的，结论性的-最后的，确定性的

concomitant with-in conjunction with与…相一致-与…相一致

condone-mercy宽恕-宽恕

conflict-opposition冲突-相反

considerable-great(数量、程度)巨大的-巨大的

considerable-much大量的-大量的，坚实的

considerable-substantial大量的-大量的，坚实的

consort-associate合伙人，伴侣-合伙人，伙伴

consult-counsel商量-商量

contemporary-existing当代的-现存的

customary-usual习俗的-一般的

dampen-moisten使潮湿-使潮湿

daring-bold大胆的-大胆的

demand-order要求-命令

demonstrate-show证明-显示

dirt-soil土壤-土壤

disaster-catastrophe灾祸-大灾祸

discreet-careful谨慎的-小心的

disseminate-spread/im