Social and cultural impacts of tourism in Cyprus
¡¡¡¡In Cyprus, hospitality forms an integral part of the culture, and the people have a welcoming attitude towards foreigners. Furthermore, the society's culture emphasizes ideologies and value systems which attach great importance to individual achievement. As the tourist policy followed by the Cyprus Government and the tourists come mainly from Europe, tourism has not had as marked an adverse effect on the values and attitudes of Cypriot society as may otherwise have been the case. In certain areas, such as Ayia Napa, however, the influx of large numbers of tourists has influenced social behavior and social values, and caused a certain amount of antagonism. Bryden suggests that:
¡¡¡¡There may be a relationship between tourism density, expressed in the annual numbers of tourists as a proportion of the population...and the growth of resentment towards tourists. The inference here is that tourism density is an indicator of the degree of confrontation between tourists and indigenes and that this confrontation gives rise to the resentment of tourists.ª«
Table 1 Contact ratio values, 1985

Area
 Contact ratio
 
 
 Annual average
 Peak day value
 
Limassol
 19.5
 7.3
 
Larnaca
 24.4
 13.9
 
Ayia Napa/Paralimni
 17.7
 1.5
 
Paphos
 17.7
 10.8
 
Hill resorts
 43.0
 16.6
 
Total
 18.0
 9.5
 

¡¡¡¡The concept of 'tourism density' is thus used as a measure of 'social carrying capacity'which Mathieson and Wall define as 'host peoples' levels of tolerance for the presence and behavior of tourists. An alternative measure used by Andronikou is the 'contact ratio', which is the inverse of tourism density that is the ratio of the local population to tourist population. Now, whereas Andronikou suggests that the minimum value that the contact ratio can fall to before the social impact resulting from tourist development becomes detrimental is about eight, most authors now do not believe that a single specific value can be given for social carrying capacity. Mathieson and Wall point out that:
¡¡¡¡Carrying capacity remains an elusive concept, but the time when researchers and managers sought one mythical magic number, which could be approached with safety but exceeded at peril, has passed.
¡¡¡¡Nevertheless, inspection of table 1 does suggest that it is highly likely that the social carrying Capacity in Ayia Napa has been overreached. The extreme concentration of tourists here has resulted in a modification of social attitudes among young people, especially towards sexual behavior. This is part of the 'demonstration effect' which introduces foreign ideologies and ways of life into societies that have not been exposed to tourist lifestyles. The close and continued contact of Cypriot youth with young foreign tourists has resulted in them adopting different sets of values on morality, style of dressing, and so on, in comparison with prevailing traditional attitudes, and as a result the bonds of closely knit families are in some cases being loosened.

Questions 16-18
Reading the following statements and say how they reflect the information in the reading passage, by writing.
T if it is true according to the passage.
F if it is false according to the passage, and NCG if the information is not clearly given in the passage.
Write your answers in boxes 16-18 on your answer sheet.
Example Answer
Cypriots are welcoming T
16.Individual achievement is more important than hospitality.
17.Tourits come mainly from the UK.
18.Cypriot society has not been adversely affected by tourism.

Questions 19-21
In the two lists below, a definition in the list on the right (A-G) matches one item in the list on the left (19-21). Show which items match by writing one appropriate letter (A-G) in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.
Example Answer
social carrying capacity C
19 'contact ratio'                                   A ratio of locals to tourists
20 tourism density                                 B introduction of foreign values to tourists
21 the' demonstration effect'                  C host's tolerance towards
                                                           D proportion of tourists to locals
                                                           E approximately eight
                                                           F introduction of new lifestyles into societies
                                                           G different sets of values