发贴人:dumber
议论文是较理性的一种文字,其特征是具有说服力。如果一篇议论文写出来,读者的观念依然故我无所感染的话,那就彻底失败了。希腊雄辩家德谟森尼斯(Demosthenes,384-322 B.C.)会谓,议论的终结要能使人信服,否则便不是议论。
议论不是吵架。议论时必须举证确凿,语次清楚,所提出的理由有条不紊。前提必附佐证以支持,佐证无需旁假暗示而能昭示于人,使之心服口服。
吵架时常呼名唤姓,怒言以对,握拳示威,极不友善。然而议论时要心平气和,持理力争,举证以对,以使对方信服为目的。
议论文着重积极的语调,而非消极的。对事物的判断要有单一的归属性,而不是旁通的可能性。下面录有笔战(Controversy)所常守的十条原则,可以作议论的参考:
(1) Nothing and no one is immune from criticism. (2) Everyone involved in a controversy has an intellectual responsibility to inform himself of the available facts. (3) Criticism should be directed first to policies and against persons only when they are responsible for policies, and against their motives, or purposes only when there are some independent evidences of their characters. (4) Because certain words are legally permissible, they are not therefore morally permissible. (5) Before impugning an opponent's motives, even when they legitimately may be impugned, answer his arguments. (6) Do not treat an opponent of a policy as if he were therefore a personal enemy, or an enemy of the country, or a concealed enemy of democracy. (7) Since a good cause may be defended by bad arguments, after answering the bad arguments for another's position, present positive evidence for your own. (8) Do not hesitate to admit lack of knowledge or to suspend judgement if evidence is not decisive either way. (9) Because something is logically possible, it is not therefore probable. "It is not impossible" is a preface to an irrelevant statement about human affairs. The question is always one of the balance of probabilities. (10) The cardinal sin, when we are looking for truth of fact or wisdom of policy, is refusal to discuss, or action which blocks discussion. <附注译文>
(1) 任何事物,任何人均不能免于批评。 (2) 每个卷入笔战的人应尽一知识份子的责任,就现有的事实来表明自己。 (3) 批评应先指向政策,人身攻击仅限于应对政策负责者,且攻击其动机与目的仅限于其人格问题之证明与别人不相牵连者。 (4) 虽然有些法律上容许之话语,并非道德上也会因之而加以容许的。 (5) 在攻击对方动机之前,即使是合法的抨击,亦应回答对方的争辩。 (6) 不要把政策上的对手当作是人身攻击的敌手,或国家的敌人,或暗中反民主的敌人。 (7) 由于好的主张也会有辩护不利的情形,所以由另一立场来回答对方不利之辩后,应对自己的辩词提出积极的证据。 (8) 如果证据不确凿而非决定性的证据时,应该立即承认对证据之不知情或无以下判断。 (9) 因为有些事情并不因逻辑的推理为可能,而就是可能。这是不会不可能的』一语,是谈论不相关事件(而以怀疑的态度却认为可能的)一句引言。这种怀疑则常是认为某事大概可能斟酌的方式之一。 (10) 当我们寻找事实真象或政策的智慧判断时,我们所犯的重大过失在拒绝讨论,或采取妨碍讨论的行动。
这十条常守的笔战原则可归纳为下列四点: (1)辩论要诚恳;(2)举证要确凿;(3)理由要清晰;(4)四)态度要美好。 这四点可以说适用于任何范畴议论文的撰写。 常用的议论法则为: (a)举证法(Evidence) (b)归纳法(Inductive Method) (c)演绎法(Deductive Method) (d)因果法(Cause and Effect) (e)类例法(Analogy)
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