SECTION 3: EMPLOYMENT

5. What are some important qualities of a good supervisor (boss)? Use specific details and examples to explain why these qualities are important. TOEFL18
- justice: treat all her employees fairly.
- Know how to give clear and understandable directions: not change too constant.
- Delegating authority well: know how to use the skills of her employees to best advantage.
- Know how to evaluate her employees on a reasonable set of criteria.
- Sets the standards for her employees by her own behavior.
6. The idea of having a single career is becoming an old fashioned one. The new fashion will be to have several careers or ways of earning money and further education will be something that continues throughout life.
Why does each person need have several careers or ways of earning money and lifetime education?
- The enormous changes in technology
- No matter what their field of expertise, people are no longer able to cope with today's fast changing workplace unless they upgrade their skills through further study.
- Many jobs have become obsolete in recent years.
- For example, robots have taken over factory assembly lines in the automobile industry
- Bank employees have lost jobs because now people use ATMs or their home computer for ordinary bank transactions.
- Similarly, travel agencies and retail stores have gone online and the people who used to do these jobs have been faced with a mid-life career .
- The marketplace has become global.
- Competition has increased, and small businesses have been swallowed up by large corporations that are often multinationals.
- Many industries that once flourished in North America, like the textile industry or the shoe industry, now only distribute foreign-made goods here.
- Labour is cheaper in the developing world and so these industries no longer employ the large workforce in North America that they once did. As a result, people have had to retrain and find jobs in other fields.
Technological change will not slow down in the 21st century and so it is likely that more occupations will become obsolete in the future and we will all have to upgrade our technical skills regularly and have some employment flexibility if we are to remain competitive in the workforce.
7. The world of work is changing quickly:
    today:
- people often have the same job for 30 or 40 years.
- Most people retire at 60 or 65.
- The working week is 7 or 8 hours per day for 5 or 6 days.
- Millions of people work in factories.
    future:
- people will learn new skills and change job more often.
- Most people will retire at 50 or 55.
- Shorter working week. Also there will be more part – time jobs -> more free time.
- Computers and robots will do a lot of the work in factories.
  Opinions:
- in the past, people had to work far too hard. Their jobs controlled their lives. It’s not going to be like that in the future. We’ll have more time to enjoy ourselves. That’s great…why work if a robot can do it for you?
- People need to work. If you’ve got a job you’re a part of society. If you haven’t got a job you’re outside society.
8 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. TOEFL61.
What does earning a lot of money mean?
- Indicator of success: buy anything you want.
- Indicator of a smart person: stupid person can not earn much money.
- Indicator of a good candidate for marriage: any girls want to marry a rich man.
What are other factors affecting job – satisfaction?
9 What is a very important skill a person should learn in order to be successful in the world today? Choose one skill and use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. TOEFL46
- What are necessary skills?
- Tolerance.
- Computer skill.
- Foreign language skill.
- Why we need tolerance?
- The world is becoming increasingly mobile -> work with different kinds of people -> tolerant each other.
- What should we do when there is a difference in opinion:
- Learn to be tolerant of one another.
- Respect these different in opinion.
- Find a common background, an idea we can both agree on.
- -> easier to settle differences in other subjects.
10. Qualities a person needs to become successful in today’s world can not be learnt at university or similar academic institution. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this idea?
11. Some people prefer to work for themselves or own a business. Others prefer to work for an employer. Would you rather be self-employed, work for someone else, or own a business? Use specific reasons to explain your choice. TOEFL
12. In the field of industrial relations, employees going on strike is not a valid way of resolving conflict. There are better approaches to resolving differences in the workplace.
- What are the purpose for employees going on strike?
- effective way to resolve industrial disputes.
- What can be disadvantaged by those strikes?
- Loss of production
- Possible loss of customers for c