英语句子中,主语的“人称”和“数”要限制,决定谓语动词的形式变化,这就叫“主谓一致”关系。
它通常依据三项原则:
1)语法一致; 2)意义一致; 3)就近一致。
【语法一致原则】
I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g.
①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。
②Are your mother a worker ? (误)你母亲是工人吗?
Is your mother a worker ?(正)(主语your mother 是单数第三人称)
II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。
1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)”或“从句”等作主语,用单数谓语形式。e.g.
①The work is important . 这项工作重要。
②To serve the country is our duty . 为祖国服务是我们的义务。
③How and why he left was a sad story . 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。
2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g.
①The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。
②They have gone to Chengdu . 他们去成都了。
II. 以“and ”或“both… and”连接的并列主语:
1.通常作复数用 。e.g.
①Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。
②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。
③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。
2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人(事、物、抽象概念),作单数用。e.g.
①The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。
②A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 远处能看见有一套马车。
③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真诚是最好的策略。
3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时,仍作单数用。e.g.
①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。
②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。
Ⅳ. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时:
1. a)“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语:“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g.
①Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。
②A great many parents were present at the meeting . 许多家长出席了会议。
b)"a / an + 单名+ or two " 大多接单数谓语: "one or two + 复名"接复数谓语。e.g.
①Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。
②One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一两条理由。
c)"a / an + 单名+ and a half"常接单数谓语;“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语。e.g.
①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。
②One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已卖了一吨半大米。
d) "more than one + 单名"大多接单数谓语。e.g.
①More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。
"more + 复名+ than one "接复数谓语。e.g.
②More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。
"more than two (three,…)+复名 " 接复数谓语。e.g.
③More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。
2 ,主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre /… )of”等时,表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。e.g.
a)①There is only a small quantity of paper (books ) left . 只剩下少量的纸(书)了。
②Large quantities of water are needed . 需要大量的水。
b)①This kind of apple is sweet . 这种苹果甜。
②This kind of apples is (are) sweet . (大多依 kind ,作单数用 )
③These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . (总作复数用)
但:Apples of this kind are sweet . (总作复数用)
3. 主语后接“with…”等构成的短语修饰成分时:谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用“with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but , besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than , more than ”等。e.g.
①A woman with two children has come . 一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。
②I as well as they am ready to help you . 不仅他们,我也愿帮助你。
4. "one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句":
1)定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”,因此从句的谓语用复数形式。e.g.
①This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . 这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。(关系词“that”代“novels”)
②He was one of the boys who were praised . 他是受表扬的男孩之一。
2)若“one”前加“this, the ,the only ”等时,定语从句的关系词指代one,作从句主语时,接单数谓语。e.g.
He was the only one of the boys who was praaised .他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。(关系词who 代 the only one )
【意义一致原则(Notional Concord)】
I. 集合名词作主语时:(参见“名词”部分)
1. 有些通常作复数用(不变词形)。如:“people , police , cattle (牛,牲口),folk , youth , militia (民兵)”,等。e.g.
The police have caught the murderer .警方已捕获凶手。
2. 有些指“整体”时作单数,指其中的“成员”时作复数(不变词形)。如 "army , audience(听众),class ,club (俱乐部) ,company(公司), committee(委员会) ,crew ,crowd ,staff(员工) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple ,population ,team ."等。e.g.
①Our family is a happy one . 我们有个幸福的家庭。
②The family are early risers . 这家人都起得早。
③The public are (is )requested not to litter . 请公众不要乱扔废弃物。
但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如:families , two classes .等。有些变复数形式后意义不同。如:peoples多个民族。 youths男青年。 folks亲友。
II. 代词作主语时:(参见“代词”部分)
1. 不定代词"each ,one , much, (a)little ,elther ,neither ,another ,the other(+单名)"等常作单数用。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。e.g.
①Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。
②Neither plan suits me .③Neither of the plans suits / suit me . 两个计划都不适合我。
2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用:“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g.
①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗?
②There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。
|